1、,Measles (麻 疹),Pediatrics department of the 2nd affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University 广州医科大学第二附属医院儿科 程子禾,目的要求,熟悉麻疹的病因及流行病学 了解麻疹的发病机理与组织病理 掌握典型麻疹的临床特点和诊断要点。 掌握麻疹常见并发症 掌握麻疹与其他小儿常见出疹性疾病的鉴别诊断 掌握麻疹的防治原则及方法 了解不典型麻疹的临床特点,DEFINITION(定义),Measles is an acute highly contagious viral disease cause
2、d by measles virus. 由麻疹病毒引起的急性出疹性呼吸道传染病。,DEFINITION(定义),It is characterized by fever, URT catarrhal inflamation, Koplikspots and maculopapular. 临床特征:发热、流涕、结膜炎、咳嗽、麻疹黏膜斑、 全身斑丘疹、疹退后糠麸样脱屑并留有棕色色素沉着。,ETIOLOGY(病原学),Paramyxovirus(病毒属副粘液病毒科),It is spherical in appearance, about 100250nm in diameter. 球形或多形性颗粒
3、,直径100250nm,ETIOLOGY(病原学),It has an outer envelope composed of six protein and internal core is RNA. 外层脂蛋白膜 有6种不同作用蛋白 H:血凝作用 F:溶血作用 M:蛋白缺陷与SSPS关系,ETIOLOGY(病原学),Measles virus is sensitive to heat or disinfectant,it is also inactived by ultraviolet light easily 体外生活力弱,对热、 一般消毒剂, 紫外线敏感 低温下可保存数月至数年,ETIO
4、LOGY(病原学),measles virus can be detected from blood, urine, nasal and pharyngeal secretions. 病毒存在于眼结膜、口腔、鼻咽、气管分泌物,血和尿中(前驱期和出疹早期),白细胞内也有此病毒,EPIDEMIOLOGY(流行病学),Source of infection The patients are the only source of infection 传染源:患者(眼鼻咽分泌物、血、尿) 出疹前5天-出疹后5天 并发肺炎:出疹后10天,EPIDEMIOLOGY(流行病学),Routes of trans
5、mission -airborne 传播途径:飞沫 间接:日用品、玩具,Susceptibility of population All age person is susceptible; the permanent immunity acquire after disease 流行特征: 冬春多见,目前季节高峰、周期性流行的特征消失 8个月之前的婴儿发病和大年龄麻疹的出现是近来麻疹流行的新变化-与疫苗使用有关,EPIDEMIOLOGY(流行病学),EPIDEMIOLOGY(流行病学),Morbidity and mortality are high in countries with su
6、bstandard living conditions and poor nutritionincluding china,PATHOGENSIS AND PATHOLOGY,Measles virus respiratory tract epithelial cells lymphoid tissue blood(first virusemia) MPS(multiply) blood(second virusemia) general toxic symptoms,发病机理(1),麻疹病毒,飞沫,鼻、口咽、眼结膜,23天,粘膜细胞和局部淋巴结,第一次病毒血症,全身淋巴组织,网状内皮系统,第
7、二次病毒血症,全身组织,出现症状,发病机理(2),机体免疫反应 The antibody IgM appeared early, it disappeared 1 month later when the antibody IgG appeared . IgM抗体,早期诊断指标 ; IgG抗体,终身免疫。,发病机理(3),麻疹感染时对机体免疫系统有暂时抑制 免疫反应受抑制 变态反应受抑制 ,易发生细菌性感 染(鼻窦炎、中耳 炎、支气管肺炎),使结核复燃, PPD由阳性 变成阴性,可使湿疹、哮 喘、肾病综合征 患儿病情得到暂 时缓解,Polykaryocyte(多核巨细胞),PATHOLOGY(
8、病理),口腔粘膜:充血,麻疹粘膜斑(Koplikspot)形成 呼吸道:粘膜充血,水肿,肺间质性改变 皮肤: 真皮毛细血管内皮细胞增生、血浆渗出, 形成斑丘疹(Maculopapular) 色素沉着(Pigmentation) 糠麸样脱屑(Desquamation),PATHOLOGY(病理),PATHOLOGY(病理),脑:弥漫性充血,水肿,点状出血,脱髓鞘改变 胃肠道:粘膜卡他性改变, 消化道症状 心 肝 肾:细胞混浊肿胀,脂肪变性和灶性坏死,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Typical measles(典型麻疹) Atypical measles(非典型麻疹
9、),CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Typical measles(典型麻疹) Incubation stage(潜伏期) 6-18天 10 days is the most common.,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Prodromal stage (前驱期)34天 This usually lasts 3-4 days. It is marked by fever, malaise, anorexia, and 3Cs: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Kopliks spots. 中度发热,呼吸道炎
10、症与上呼吸道感染不易区别 结膜充血、流泪、畏光及眼睑水肿pic3 麻疹粘膜斑 早期诊断依据,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Kopliks spots(麻疹粘膜斑) 在发疹前2448小时出现,开始仅在对着下臼齿相对应的颊黏膜上,可见直径约1.0mm灰白色小点(tiny white spots like grains of salt),外有红色晕圈,常在1-2天内迅速增多,可累及整个颊黏膜并蔓延至唇部黏膜,于出疹后12天迅速消失,可留有暗红色小点。 Pic1,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Eruption stage(出疹期) this
11、stage lasts 3-5 days,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Identified by a typically blotchy, bright red maculopapular eruption,it may be come confluent and blanches under pressure. 皮疹特点 红色斑丘疹、压之褪色、疹 间正常皮肤,不伴痒感pic4,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Sequence: behind the ear along the hairline face neck chest bac
12、k abdomen limbs hand and feet 出疹顺序 耳后发际额面部颈部躯干 四肢手心、足底pic5,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),The temperature rise continuously and compa nied with the toxic symptoms exaggerate 全身症状 加重,体温升至040.5 肝、脾、淋巴结肿大,肺部罗音 X线表现 可见肺纹理增多或不同程度弥漫性 肺部浸润pic6,CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS(临床表现),Convalescent stage(恢复期 ) The rash
13、fades downward in the same seq uence which it appeared, as the rash fades, brownish staining and branny desquamation occu red. 先出先退,退后有棕色色素沉着和糠麸样脱屑 Disease course:1014 days,非典型麻疹(Atypical measles),轻型麻疹(mild measles) 重型麻疹(severe measles) 异型麻疹(variant measles),轻型麻疹,见于有一定免疫力的患儿 潜伏期长、前驱期短、临床症状轻 常无Koplik
14、斑,皮疹稀疏、色淡,无色素沉着或脱 屑pic7 病程约1周 无并发症,重型麻疹,见于体弱多病、免疫力低下或继发感染者 中毒症状重:T持续40,伴惊厥、昏迷 皮疹密集融合、常有粘膜出血黑麻疹pic8 有循环不良的表现 易并发肺炎、心力衰竭等并发症 死亡率高,非典型麻疹综合征,接受过灭活或减毒麻疹疫苗 非典型皮疹 无麻疹粘膜斑 较重的临床综合征 血清麻疹血凝抑制抗体有助于诊断,并发症(complications),pneumonia(肺炎) Pneumonia can be caused purely to the measles virus itself, but occurs more oft
15、en because of added infection of the damaged airways and lung surfaces by other viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia becomes evident through rapid, difficult breathing, worsening cough and chest pain 最常见的并发症,引起死亡主要原因,并发症(complications),Myocarditis(心肌炎) 心功能不全的表现 心电图T波、ST段的改变 laryngitis(喉炎) 多见于23岁小儿 典型的犬吠样咳
16、嗽 严重时出现喉梗阻pic9,并发症(complications),Encephalitis occurs in about 1/1 000 cases of measles. there is no correlation between the severity of the measles and the risk of encephalitis. At least 10 percent of children with measles encephalitis die and some are left with mental retardation, deafness, paraly
17、sis or epilepsy. Encephalitis(脑炎) 脑实质炎症的表现pic10,并发症(complications),Late complications(远期并发症): Two rare complications are bronchiectasis a nd subacute sclerosing panencephalitis,并发症(complications),Subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis (SSPE) is an extremely rare but dreaded condition, usually occurrin
18、g many years after measles. SSPS(亚急性硬化性全脑炎) 潜伏期17年,先出现智力和行为异常,数月 后出现阵发性肌抽搐,进行性加重,最后昏迷, 去大脑强直。与缺乏对麻疹病毒的蛋白抗体有 关,并发症(complications),结核恶化或播散 营养不良与维生素A缺乏症,Laboratory findings(实验室检查),Blood routine: WBC is relative low 周围血象改变 WBC正常或降低,淋巴细胞增高。淋巴细胞严重减少提示预后不好。,Laboratory findings(实验室检查),Serum Ab measurement s
19、pecific antibody IgM 测定麻疹病毒抗体 血凝抑制抗体双份血清,四倍增长 检测麻疹病毒IgM抗体(可用ELISA方法),Laboratory findings(实验室检查),Other Ag and multinucleated giant cells The separation of virus 早期诊断 鼻咽分泌物找多核巨细胞或测麻疹病毒抗原 分离病毒,诊断(DIAGNOSIS),Epidemiologic data(流行病学资料) Clinical manifestations(各期典型临床特征) 前驱期 卡他征,麻疹黏膜斑 出疹期 出疹顺序及形态,疹出热高特点 恢复
20、期 糠麸样脱屑和色素沉着 laboratory findings(实验室检查) 多核巨细胞、血清抗体(特异性 IgM或IgG4倍 )、病毒分离、病毒抗原和基因检测,出疹性疾病的鉴别诊断(1),出疹性疾病的鉴别诊断(2),Treatment (治疗),There is no specific treatment although symptoms can be relieved General therapy: rest, stay in bed and diet 一般治疗和护理 隔离 一般麻疹5天,有并发症10天 通风,空气新鲜,保持口、眼、鼻清洁,Treatment (治疗),Symptom
21、atic therapy: fever and cough Support therapy: traditional chinese herbs may be used 对症治疗 退热(可予物理降温或小剂量退热剂) 镇静,祛痰止咳,补充多种维生素 中医中药治疗,The management of complications is determined by their nature and severity 并发症治疗 肺炎 抗生素 喉炎 抗生素,激素,必要时气管切开 心肌炎或心功能不全 能量合剂、利尿、强心 脑炎 止痉、降颅压,保护脑细胞,防止 呼吸衰竭,Treatment (治疗),Pre
22、vention (预防),Control source of infection(控制传染源) 早发现,早隔离、早治疗 病儿 隔离至出疹后5-10天 接触者 隔离21-28天 Interruption of transmission(切断传播途径) 呼吸道隔离,避免交叉感染,Prevention (预防),Protection of the susceptible person(保护易感人群) Active immunization(主动免疫) Lived attenuated measles vaccine(麻疹减毒活疫苗) 8月初种,4岁或7岁加强 应急接种 易感者可在接触病人后2天内接种
23、 禁忌症 发热,急慢性疾病,活动性肺结核,免疫缺陷者,Prevention (预防),Passive immunization(被动免疫) 丙种球蛋白 接触5天内注射可制止发病, prevent onset 59天注射可减轻症状 relieve symptoms,2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30,保护 减轻症状 效力减少 无效,麻疹的病程及被动免疫效果,被动免疫时间及效果,病程日数,37,38,39,40,潜伏期,前驱期开始,出疹期开始,典型,肺炎,并发症,改变型,思考题,1、麻疹的诊断应包括哪些? 2、如何鉴别麻疹、猩红热、幼儿急疹和药物疹?
24、3、怎样预防麻疹?,12岁患者患麻疹和麻疹脑炎(未经麻疹疫苗接种) 躯干和上肢多形性皮疹 显著的意识障碍(木僵),1岁半男孩患麻疹和右侧中耳炎,耳镜检查见: 鼓膜显著凸出 血管明显充血,1岁半男孩患轻型麻疹 检查见:躯干和肩部明显的融合性、色较淡的皮疹,1 岁半男孩患麻疹,胸部 X 线检查见: 心脏附近双侧及心后大片阴影 下野 心脏旁片状浸润,1 岁个月龄女孩患麻疹并发喉炎,喉镜检查见 : 喉部明显红 会厌和咽部也显著充血,10 岁女孩患麻疹,口腔检查:Koplik斑(箭头),10 岁男孩患麻疹,检查见: 斑丘疹 注意:典型的最初皮疹位于耳后,7 岁男孩患麻疹,检查见 脸部和颈部的融合性,大片红疹,10 岁女孩患麻疹,检查见: 躯干部斑丘疹,部分融合,7 岁男孩患麻疹,检查见: 大腿部融合性,大片红疹,谢 谢,