1、系动词*系动词又称联系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（也称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：He fell ill yesterday.（fall是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况 He fell off the ladder.（fall是实义动词，单独作谓语。）*1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,rem
2、ain,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.*3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官系动词 主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.*5）变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样，有become,grow
3、,turn,fall,get,go,come,run He became mad after that.She grew rich within a short time.6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,trun out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.（turn out表终止性结果）*I、常见系动词错误及其成因：（1）漏掉系动词 I afraid he wont come tomorrow .(2)误用
4、系动词 His hair changed grey.(混淆了change 与turn，grow)*II.系动词分类：一、根据系动词后所跟结构，分为两大类：完全系动词（其后只能跟表语的动词，如be）和半系动词（其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look）He looked sad at the news.（“看起来”，系动词用法）He looks at a clever boy.（“看着”，实义动词用法）*在英语中，某一动词是多义词，既有实义动词用法，又有系动词用法。常见的有：listen，look，touch，hear，see，sound，feel，taste，rem
5、ain，keep，stay，turn，become二、根据系动词的意义，分为四类：A五大感官系动词 B状态系动词 C动态系动词 D双谓语系动词 A五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词*1look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.2smell“闻起来”，后接adj.，分词。The flowers smell sweet.3sound“听起来”，后接adj.，分词。The music sounds sweet.4taste“尝起来”，后接adj.，分
6、词。The apples taste very good.*5feel“摸起来，给感觉”；“觉得”，后接adj The silk feels very soft.You will feel better after a nights sleep.B状态系动词：1be，“是”，完全系动词。I am a student.2seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。They seem quite happy.*3appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。He appeared tired and sleepy.It appeared(to be)a true story.Now it appears
7、 to me that he may play an important part in settling the problem.（在我看来）4keep,“保持的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。Youd better go to bed and keep warm.*5remain,“仍是”，半系动词。I remained silent.6stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。The window stayed open all the night.7.prove“证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.，n.The treatment proved to be s
8、uccessful.*C动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。1get“变成，变得起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。The days are getting longer and longer.The train didnt get going again.Its nothing to get excited about.My watch gets out of order.*2fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep,silent,ill,sick The old man,unable to express himself,fell silent.My
9、father fell ill and died.3grow“渐渐变得起来，长得”You will grow used to it.Its growing warm.*4turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。Maple trees turn red in autumn.It was cloudy this morning,but fortunately it has turned fine.He has turned writer.（注意：此时writer之前无冠词a.）*5go，“变成（某种坏的状态）”The telephone has gone dead.The
10、 material has gone a funny colour.(奇怪)go之后常接的adj.还有：bad,blind,wild,wrong,sour,hard,hungry,mad,red,with,anger,white,pale,blue,grey*6become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”He became angry with me.It became dark.They became good friends.I became interested in drawing.*7come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的
11、变化。His wish to become a pilot has come true.If you look into the matter,everything will come clear.My shoelaces have come undone.后面常接的形容词还有：apart,dear（昂贵），natural,open,untied（松开）。*8run,“变成”，后接adj.The well has run dry.The price ran high.9make，“达到某种状态后接形容词，如sure,certain,merry,bold,free We must make ce
12、rtain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。The Children make free with the apples.孩子们随便吃苹果。*D双谓语系动词 此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.The book lay open on the table.The snow lay thick on the ground.He married young.The window blew open.*III系动词用法应注意的八个问题 1系动
13、词的进行时态应分情况讨论 一般，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：(1)表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：He is being kind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）*(2)表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：I hope you are keeping well.（语气委婉）Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）试比较：Your hand feels cold.你的手摸起来冰凉（无意识的静态性质）不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.()*The
14、doctor is feeling her pulse.医生正在给她把脉（有意识的动态动作）The soup tastes good.这汤的味道不错（静态性质，无进行时）The cook is tasting the soup.厨师在尝汤的味道。（动态动作，有进行时）总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。以smell为例*smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can,could,be able to连用。The camels
15、 can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.*smell指“含有气味”，“发出气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。The dinner smells good.*2系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题 某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get,become,grow,turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。He is growing taller and taller.Our life is get
16、ting better and better.The things are getting worse.*3所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论 某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态 不能说：The apple is tasted good.（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但可以说：The apple is tasted by me.（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此要注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法*4瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“f
17、or+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by+时间，so far”直接连用不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.*不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.或It is two years since he turned writer.不能说：He got angry until his child came back h
18、ome.应改为：He didnt get angry until his child came back home.*5系动词能接几种表语（从句）系动词除了接adj.n.介词短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look，smell，sound，feel；appear（显得），seem（似乎）It looks as if we are going to have snow.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.It seems as if
19、 it were spring already.*可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem,appear,不可用be,look It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.It appeared that he was talking to himself.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be,seem,get,look,appear,prove,grow.Her job is to look after the children.He looks to be a young girl of twenty.
20、*能与there连用的系动词有：be,appear,seem.There appeared to be only one room.There seems(to be)no need to go.*6能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem,appear.It doesnt seem that we can get our money back.=It seems that we cant get our money back.He seems not to be her father.=He doesnt seem to be her father.The baby doesnt appea
21、r to be awake.=The baby appears not to be awake.*7、几组易混系动词的区别 系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较，一是其意义，二是其结构。1）get,become,go,turn,grow“变成”get：“变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语，但不能与名词直接连用。become：“变成，成为（好坏情况均可）。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语，不能与不定式连用。*go：“变成（某种由好到坏的情况）”，后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。Turn：“转变成”强调与原来不同的、新的变化，如变质、变色等。后接形容词、不带冠词的名
22、词作表语，后不接不定式。grow：“逐渐变得”，强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定式，不可直接跟名词。*2）look,seem,appear“好像”三者作系动词时在意义上的区别：look：“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合，侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。seem：“似乎，好像”，指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。appear：“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中，指某事物或人给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。*He looks like his father.（指其长相看起来相像）He seems like his father.（指说话人从个性方面
23、得到的判断）He appears like his father.（指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象）*3）keep,remain,stay“保持状态”keep作系动词时，“保持状态”，后接adj.或介词短语：alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy Have you kept well all these years?I hope it will keep fine.In order to keep fit,all students go in for sports.Wed better keep in tou
24、ch.*remain，系动词“仍然存在状态”，后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语，强调某种状态前后无变化。The door remained closed.门仍然关着。Your room remains like this.你的房间依旧是这样子。*stay，作系动词用时“保持状态”，后接形容词、分词。That fellow stayed single.那个小伙子仍保持单身。Its easy to stay hidden.躲起来很容易。后常接的形容词有：calm,clean,fresh,healthy,young,open,awake,warm,fine,常可与keep互换。如：Stay/k
25、eep calm(clean,fine,healthy,awake等)*What you have said_.Ais sounded interesting Bsounds interesting Csound interested Dlistens interested The class begins.Please keep_.Asilent Bsilence Cthe silence Dsilently*Look!Several people in the crowd seemed_.Ato be fighting Bto have fought Cbeing fought Dhavi
26、ng fought How _the song she sings sounds!I have never _a better voice.Abeautifully,sounded Bbeautiful,sounded Csweet,listened to Dsweet,heard*Her feeling about the marriage _rather strange.Ais looked Bis seemed Cseems Dis appeared John _driver since two months ago.Abecame a Bhas become a Chas turned Dhas been a*7、The ice_ thick on the river.Ais lain Blay Claid Dlie*
