1、Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of VersificationWhat is poetry?A literary form Written in lines Rich imagery Great artistic appeal Beautiful harmony Compressed content Contentsv.Meterv.Footv.Rhythmv.Sound patternsv.Rhymev.Rhyme Schemev.Forms of poem v.Appreciations.meter（格）v1.concept:the regu
2、lar pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.v2.types:v“”stands for unstressed syllable and“_”represents stressed syllable.“”is used to separate different feet.1 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。vAs fair/art thou/my bon/nie lass,So deep/in luve/am I:And I/will luve/thee still,/my d
3、ear,Till a/the seas/gang dry:vRobert Burns(1759-1796):My Luve Is like a Red,Red Rose注注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a=all gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：v（）2扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。vTyger!/Tyger!/burning/bright In the/forests/of the/nightvWilliam Blake:The Tygerv上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示
4、为：3 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot:每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。vLike a child/from the womb,Like a ghost/from the tomb,I arise/and unbuild/it again.v三音步抑抑扬格 4 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot:每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。vTouch her not/scornfully,Think of her/mournfully.v-Thomas Hood 两音步扬抑抑格 5 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一
5、个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。v如：三音步抑扬抑格下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。vO hush thee/my babie/thy sire was/a knight.v注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。Back.Foot（音步）v1.Concept:a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllablev2.Types:Monometer:one foot;Pentameter:five feetDimeter:two feet;Hexameter:six feet
6、Trimeter:three feet;Heptameter:seven feetTetrameter:four feet;Octameter:eight feetDistinction between“foot”and“meter”vFoot is not to be confused with meter,though the names for feet end with “-meter”.Meter is based on syllables,indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged.Foot is ap
7、plied with a single line,indicating how many meters are employed in that line.Note:Meter+foot=metrical rhythm/versificationBack.Rhythm（节奏/韵律）vconcept:The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or t
8、he recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm.v Twinkle,twinkle,little star,v How I wonder what you are!Back.rhyme（押韵）v1.concept:the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding soundsv e.g.Home,Foam;chair,therev2.types:a)Internal rhyme:I am the daughter of the Ear
9、th and Water.(Shelley)We plough and sow-were so very,very low.(Ernest Jones)Ah,distinctly I remember it as in the bleak December.(Poe ).Rhyme Scheme（韵式）v1.Concept:The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza.v2.types:v1end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line.v1）联韵：“aabb”型。vI shot an arrow into the
10、 air,av It fell to earth,I knew not where avFor,softly it flew,the sight bv Could not follow it in its flight.bvHenry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song2）交叉韵：abab型。vSunset and evening star,av And one clear call for me!bv And may there be no moaning of the bar,avWhen I put out to sea,bvAlfre
11、d Tennyson(1809-1892):Crossing the Bar3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。v如下例就共用i:p为韵脚vThe woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.v Robert Frost(1874-1963):Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 2.头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中
12、几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。v下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。vThe fair breeze blew,the white foam flew,The furrow followed free,We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.vT.S.Coleridge:Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。v下面一节诗中i及i重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。vSpring,the sweet spring,is the years p
13、leasant king;Then blooms each thing,then maids dance in a ring,Cold dath not sting,the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!vThomas Nashe(1567-1601):Spring,the Sweet SpringBack.Forms of poem（诗体）vForm is the design of a poem,the particular pattern it takes when it is written on pape
14、r.In each poem,we usually find a number of similar units.Each unit may have three lines,four lines or more.This recurring unit of a poem is called stanza.（诗节）Dante:Divine Comedy神曲Milton:Paradise Lost 失乐园Homer:Iliad伊利亚特;Odyssey奥德赛 3)Dramatic Poems（戏剧诗）（戏剧诗）2)Narrative Poems（叙事诗）（叙事诗）1)Lyrical Poems（抒
15、情诗）（抒情诗）1.Kinds of PoetryIn terms of content:Songs（韵文)odes（颂诗）ballads（民谣）Epics(史诗)(heroic poems)ballads（民谣）lyre (里拉)usu.in dialogue;in blank verse1.Kinds of PoetryIn terms of meter:1)Metrical Poems（格律诗）（格律诗）Regular Rhyme;Regular Rhythm;Definite Number of Lines2)Free Verse（自由诗）（自由诗）Irregular Rhyme an
16、d Rhythm;Irregular Number of Lines3)Blank Verse（无韵诗）（无韵诗）Without Rhyme ;With Rhythm2.Forms of Poetry v1）.Blank verse（无韵诗体）vBlank verse:unrhymed iambic pentameter,a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables.（由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步）vExamples:Shakespeares plays,Miltons Paradise
17、Lost and Wordsworths Prelude are written in blank verse.The following is from Shakespeares As You Like It:v All the worlds a stage,vAnd all the men and women merely players:vThey have their exits and their entrances.2）.Couplet（对偶句）v Couplet:a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a se
18、parate stanza in a poem.Popular in the eighteenth century,a couplet may be long or short,but usually contain a complete thought in itself,the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.(包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位。)vExamples:Geoffrey Chaucer and John Dryde
19、n among others have written in couplets.The following is from Drydens Mac Flecknoe.vAll human things are subject to decayvAnd when fate summons,monarchs must obey.3）.Tercet（同韵三行诗节）vTercet:a three-line stanza,also called terza rima,which,if rhymed,keeps to one rhyme sound.（由三行诗文组成的一个诗节，通常压同韵或与另一三行诗节压
20、韵）vExample:Dantes Divine Comedy and Shelleys Ode tovthe West Wind used this stanza.The following is from Shelley.vO wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumns being,v Thou,from whose unseen presence the leaves deadvAre driven,like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,4）.Quatrain(四行诗)v Quatrain:a four-line st
21、anza in many line lengths and sometimes in lines of varying length,rhymed usually in lines two and four.v（四行一节的诗）vExample:This stanza is used very often in English poetry,most notably in ballads,and in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard and Tennysons In Memoriam.Here is an example fr
22、om Tennysons Break,Break,Break.vBreak,break,break,v On thy cold gray stones,O Sea!vAnd I would that my tongue could utterv The thoughts that arise in me.5）.Sonnet(十四行诗)vSonnet:a fourteen-line stanza of iambic pentameter.Coming originally from Italy and used often to write love poems,the English sonn
23、et has different rhyme schemes.The Italian sonnet,or Petrarchan sonnet（(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的)彼特拉克体十四行彼特拉克体十四行诗）诗）,consists of an octave(8-line stanza)and sestet(6-line stanza),rhymed abba abba cdecde.The English sonnet,initiated by Edmund Spenser called Spenserian Stanza,rhymed abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee
24、 Shakespearean sonnet,consists of three quatrains and a couplet,rhymed abab cdcd efef gg.Most English poets have written sonnets and some have written a series of sonnets on certain subjects.The most famous sonnet sequences are Spensers Amoretti,Shakespeares Sonnets and Elizabeth Barrett Brownings S
25、onnets from the Portuguese.6）.Epigram(讽刺短诗;警句;隽语诗,)v Epigram:a short poem ending in a witty turn of thought.Brief and rhymed,epigram is usually satiric,mercilessly playful and sometimes malicious.vExample:The following is from J.V.Cunningham(1911-1985):vThis Humanist whom no beliefs constrainedvGrew
26、 so broad-minded he was scatter-brained7）.Limerick:(五行打油诗)vLimerick:five anapestic lines usually rhymed aabba.Made popular by Edward Lear(1812-1888),author of nonsense poems,limerick is humorous and playful.（一种通俗幽默短诗，有五行组成，韵式为aabba）vExample:The following is from an anonymous author and about Einstei
27、ns theory of relativity.vThere was a young lady named BrightvWho traveled much faster than light.v She started one dayv In the relative wayvAnd returned on the previous night.Back.Appreciate the following sonnetvThat Time of Year By ShakespearevThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow le
28、aves,or none,or few,do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,When by and by black night doth take away,Deaths second self,that seals up all in rest.In me thou s
29、eest the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whereon it must expire,Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest,which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long.Notes:vmayst:may vbehold:seevlate:no long ag
30、o vthou:you seest:see fadeth:fades vdoth:does vseals up all at rest:彻底埋葬 thy:your vperceivest:perceive vere long:before longHintsvWrite your criticism according to the following guides.v1.formsv2.foot+meterv3.rhymev4.Chinese translationv5.imagerySonnets appreciationv1.Italian Sonnetv2.Spenserian Son
31、netv3.Shakespearian Sonnet 1)Italian SonnetFrancesco PetrachThe poetry of earth is never dead:aWhen all the birds are faint with the hot sun,bAnd hide in cooling trees,a voice will run bFrom hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;aThat is the Grasshoppers-he takes the lead aIn summer luxury,-he has
32、never done bWith his delights;for when tired out with fun bHe rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.aThe poety of earth is ceasing never:cOn a lone winter evening,when the frost dHas wrought a silence,from the stove there shrills e The Crickets song,in warmth increasing ever,cAnd seems to one in
33、drowsiness half lost,dThe Grasshoppers among some grassy hills.ean octave +a sestet2)Spenserian SonnetEdmund Spenser For loe my love doth in her selfe containe bAll this worlds riches that may farre be found.cIf saphyres,loe her eyes be saphyres plaine:bIf rubies,loe her lips be rubies sound;c3 quat
34、rains +a coupletIf pearls,her teeth be pearls both pure and round;cIf yvorie,her forehead yvory weene;dIf gold,her locks are finest gold on ground;c If silver,her fair hands are silver sheene.dBut that which fairest is,but few behold:eHer mind,adorned with vertues manifold.eYe tradefull merchants,th
35、at with weary toyle aDo seeke nost pretious things to make your gain,bAnd both the Indians of their treasures spoile,aFor loe my love doth in her selfe containe b3)Shakespearian Sonnet ShakespeareSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,cAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd;dAnd every fair from f
36、air sometime declines,cBy chance,or natures changing course,untrimmd.d3 quatrains +a coupletBut thy eternal summer shall not fade,eNor lose possession of that fair thou owst,fNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,e When in eternal lines to time thou growst.fSo long as man can breathe or ey
37、es can see,gSo long lives this,and this gives life to thee.gShall I compare thee to a summers day?aThou art more lovely and more temperate.bRough winds do shake the darling buds of may,aAnd summers lease hath all too short a date.bIambic Pentametre (5-foot Iambus)（五五 步步 抑抑 扬扬 格）格）Shall I compare thee to a sum mers day aThou art more love ly and more tem perate.bRough winds do shake the dar ling buds of may,aAnd sum mers lease hath all too short a date.bAnalysis:The End
