1、International Trade:Theory and Policy喻美辞喻美辞经济管理学院经济贸易系经济管理学院经济贸易系E-mail:1-1Slides prepared by Thomas BishopCopyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.Chapter 1Introduction1-3Preview What is international economics about?What is international trade about?Why do we study international t
2、rade?How do we study international trade?International finance topics International trade vs.international finance 1-4I.What Is International Economics About?Nations are more closely linked through trade in goods and services,through flows of money,and through investment than ever before.（随着国际商品和服务贸
3、易的发展、国际间资金的流动，以及跨国投资的发展，各个国家之间的经济联系变得更加紧密。）International economics is about how nations interact through trade in goods and services,through flows of money and through investment.国际经济学研究的是国际商品和服务贸易的发展、国际间资金的流动，以及跨国投资的发展对各个国家的经济影响。国际经济学的一般理论包括国际贸易理论和政策、国际金融理论和国际投资理论等。1-5What Is International Economic
4、s About?(cont.)International trade as a fraction of the national economy has tripled(番了3倍)for the U.S.in the past 40 years.While both imports and exports have increased,imports have grown more,leading to a large excess of imports over exports which is called as trade deficit(贸易逆差).Question:How is th
5、e United States able to pay for all those trade deficit?Compared to the U.S.,other countries are even more tied to international trade.1-6Fig.1-1:Exports and Imports as a Percentage of U.S.National IncomeSource:U.S.Bureau of Economic AnalysisFrom 1960s to 1980,both exports and imports rose steadily
6、as shares of U.S.income.Since 1980,imports have continued to rise,while exports have fluctuated sharply.1-7Fig.1-2:Exports and Imports as Percentage of National Income in 2005Source:Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentInternational trade iseven more importantto most other countriest
7、han it is to the United States.1-8II.What Is International Trade About?International trade is the international exchange(国际交换)of goods and services between countries.This type of trade gives rise to a world economy,in which prices,or supply and demand,affect and are affected by global events.There a
8、re some types of international trade:Import trade,export trade,transit trade(过境贸易/转口贸易)Visible trade(有形贸易),invisible trade inter-industry trade(产业间贸易),intra-industry trade(产业内贸易)1.What is International Trade1-9Basis for Trade(Why Trade Occurs?)The Mercantilists Views(重商主义)on Trade Trade Based on Abs
9、olute Advantage(绝对优势):the Adam Smith Model Trade Based on Comparative Advantage(比较优势):the David Ricardo Model Resource Endowments(资源禀赋)and International Trade:the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Economies of Scale,Imperfect Competition,and International Trade2.The Theory of International Trade1-10Patterns of
10、 Trade(Who sells what to whom?)That is,what commodities are traded and which commodities are exported and imported by each nation?Differences in climate and resources can explain why Brazil exports coffee and Australia exports iron ore.But why does Japan export automobiles,while the U.S.exports airc
11、raft?Differences in labor productivity(劳动生产率)may explain why some countries export certain products.How relative supplies of capital,labor and land are used in the production of different goods and services may also explain why some countries export certain products.1-11Gains from Trade(贸易利得/收益)Seve
12、ral ideas underlie the gains from trade When a buyer and a seller engage in a voluntary transaction(自愿参与交易),both receive something that they want and both can be made better off.（国与国之间相互销售自己的产品和劳务通常总对双方都有利）Norwegian consumers could buy oranges through international trade that they otherwise would ha
13、ve a difficult time producing.a.The producer of the oranges receives income that it can use to buy the things that it desires.1-12Gains from Trade(cont.)b.Trade is predicted to benefit a country by making it more efficient when it exports goods which intensively use abundant resources and imports go
14、ods which intensively use scarce resources.（如果一个国家出口密集使用其丰富资源的商品，进口密集使用其稀缺资源的商品，那么该国会从这种贸易模式中受益。）c.When countries specialize,they may also be more efficient due to large scale production.（当某些国家实现专业化生产时，他们可以从规模化生产中获得收益。）1-13Gains from Trade(cont.)d.Trade is predicted to benefit countries as a whole i
15、n several ways,but trade may harm particular groups(特定集团)within a country.International trade can adversely affect the owners of resources that are used intensively in industries that compete with imports.（与进口产品相竞争的产业密集使用的要素的所有者会因为贸易而受损）Trade may therefore have effects on the distribution of income
16、within a country,such as workers and the owners of capital,skilled workers and unskilled workers.1-14Free Trade vs.Protectionism(How Much Trade?)The main idea of free trade(自由贸易)is that supply and demand factors,operating on a global scale,will ensure that production happens efficiently.Therefore,no
17、thing needs to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.In contrast,protectionism(贸易保护主义)holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly.Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper
18、 the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly.1-153.The Effects of Government Policies on Trade Policy makers affect the amount of trade through Tariffs(关税):a tax on imports or exports,Quotas(配额):a quantity restriction on imports or exports,export subsidies(出口补贴):
19、a payment to producers that export,or through other regulations(ex.,product specifications)that exclude foreign products from the market,but still allow domestic products.What are the costs and benefits of these policies?1-16IV.How Do We Study International Trade?Read classic books and literatures o
20、n international trade,understand the main idea of the Great Economists in this field.Mater the analysis methods and tools of international trade.Attach importance to foreign language learning and the relevant professional courses.Pay attention to domestic and world economic dynamics.1.Some Requireme
21、nts2.The Great Economists in the field of International Trade 亚当亚当斯密斯密（Adam Smith，1723-1790）：Absolute Advantage Theory。1776年出版的“An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”国民财富的性质和原因研究，简称国富论提出了绝对优势学说。大卫大卫李嘉图李嘉图（David Ricardo，1772-1823）：Comparative Advantage Theory。1817年出版政治经济学及赋税原
22、理（Principles of Political Economy and Taxation）一书提出了比较优势学说。1-17 赫克歇尔赫克歇尔（E.F.Heckscher，1879-1952）和俄林俄林（B.Ohlin，1899-1979）1933年共同提出了要素禀赋理论（H-O 贸易模型）。他们的代表作是：外贸对收入分配的影响，区间贸易和国际贸易论。俄林1977年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。P.A.萨缪尔森萨缪尔森（Paul Anthony Samuelson，1915-）：用数学方法证明了要素价格均等化定理、与斯托尔珀一起提出了Stolper-Samuelson 定理，1970年获得诺贝尔经济学
23、奖。W.里昂惕夫里昂惕夫（WLeontief，1906-1999）：建立了投入产出分析模型，提出了里昂惕夫悖论，大大地推动了国际贸易理论的发展，1973年获诺奖。P.克鲁格曼克鲁格曼（P.Krugman，1953-）国际贸易新理论的主要倡导者，2008年获诺奖。1-183.Analysis Tools in Theory and Policy of International Trade Production Possibilities Curve/Frontier Supply Curve and Excess Supply Curve Demand Curve and Excess Dem
24、and Curve Producer Surplus,Consumer Surplus,and Gains from Trade Economies of Scale,Diseconomies of Scale,Constant Returns to Scale Indifference Curve1-194.Analysis Methods in International Trade General Equilibrium Analysis and Partial Equilibrium Analysis(一般均衡分析和局部均衡分析)Economic Analysis of Politic
25、s(政治经济学分析)1-201-21V.International Finance Topics Balance of Payments(国际收支)Exchange Rate Determination(汇率的决定)International Policy Coordination(国际政策协调)The International Capital Market(国际资本市场)1-22VI.International Trade vs.International Finance International trade focuses on transactions of goods and se
26、rvices(商品和服务交易)across nations.These transactions usually involve a physical movement of goods or a commitment of intangible resources like labor services.International finance focuses on financial or monetary transactions(金融或货币交易)across nations.For example,purchases of U.S.dollars or financial asset
27、s by Europeans.In the real world there is no simple dividing line between trade and money.For example,many monetary events have important consequences for trade.1-23Textbook and ReferencesPaul R.Krugman,Maurice Obsfeld.International Economics:Theory and Policy,eighth edition,清华大学出版社.Dominick Salvato
28、re.International Economics,eighth edition,清华大学出版社。Robert C.Feenstra,Alan M.Taylor.International Trade,first edition,中国人民大学出版社。余淼杰：国际贸易学：理论、政策与实证，北京大学出版社，2013年12月第2次印刷版。海闻、P林德特、王新奎：国际贸易，上海人民出版社，2003年第1版。1-24Some Related Websites中华人民共和国商务部中华人民共和国商务部 中国国际贸易促进委员会中国国际贸易促进委员会 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织 联合国商品贸易数据库联合国商品贸易数据库 世界银行世界银行 经合发展组织经合发展组织 人大经济论坛人大经济论坛中国经济学教育科研网中国经济学教育科研网
