1、宾语从句 1.定义:在复合句中,如果一个句子位于及物动词、形容词或介词之后充当宾语,那么这个句子叫宾语从句。I dont know why the train is late.我不知道火车为什么晚点。2.宾语从句的语序 Could you tell me how I can make the machine work?在宾语从句中,无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,一般情况下从句都要用陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语”。你能告诉我怎样才能使这台机器工作吗?how 为连接词,为从句主语,can make 为从句谓语。3.宾语从句的时态 宾语从句中,主从句的时态变化口诀为:主现主将从不限,主过从必过,客
2、观真理永一现。主句为现在/将来时态,从句根据意义可用任何时态。He says Mary often plays with the cat at weekends 他说玛丽周末经常和猫玩。He will tell us that he has been able to look after himself.他会告诉我们他已经能够照顾好自己了 主句为过去时态,从句多用过去的某种时态。He asked wt time it was.他问现在几点了。主句为任何时态,从句表示的是客观真理或永久性情况,常用一般现在时。He told me that the earth is round.他告诉我地球是圆的
3、。4.引导词 1)that 本身无意义,只起连接作用,口语中可省略 He said(that)Lisa was good at swimming他说 Lisa 擅长游泳。2)what,which,who,whose,whom 等在从句中作一定的成分,如主语、宾语、定语等,不能省略 I dont know what they are going to do我不知道他们打算干什么 3)when,where.why,how在从句中作状语,不能省略 He explained how the system worked.他讲解了该系统是如何运转的。4)if/whether意为“是否”,在从句中不作句子成
4、分,但不能省略 I want to know if(whether)he lives there.我想知道他是否住在那里。5.宾语从句注意事项 宾语从句的否定转移 主句如果是Ithink/believe/imagine/suppose/guess/expect等,从句的否定一般要转移到主句中,其反意疑问句与从句一致。I dont think theyll wait to the last minute,will they?我认为他们不会等到最后一分钟,他们会吗?定语从句 1、定义:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面;引导定语
5、从句的词叫做关系词,它置于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用、同时又作定语从句的一个成分。I like music that/which I can dance to.我喜欢能随着跳舞的音乐。2.定语从句的结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句(1)先行词(即主句中需要被修饰的关键词)被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。(2)关系词(引导定语从句的词)I like musie that/which I can dance to.我喜欢能随着跳舞的音乐。music 为先行词,that/which 为关系代词。3.定语从句注意事项(1)关系词只能用 that 的情况:先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本
6、身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用 which。He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one 等不定代词时,只能用 that,而不用 which.Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?中。,先行词被 the only,the very,the same,the last,little,fow 等
7、词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用 which This is the same bike that I lost,这就是我丢的那辆自行车。先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that,而不用 which I can remember well the persons and some pictures that i saw in the foom.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that Who is the girl that is reading a book over there?那个正在读书的女孩是谁?主句
8、是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that,而不用 which There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。(2)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which 可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。状语从句 1.定义:在复合句中,修饰主句或主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。引导状语从句的连词叫做从属连词。状语从句可分为时间状语
9、从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从旬、结果状语从句、目的状语从句等。(1)1feel very happy when i meet my friends again.(时间状语从句)当我再次见到我的朋友们时我感到很高兴。(2)He was late because he got up late.(原因状语从句)他迟到是因为他起床晚了。(3)If it doesnt rain tomorrow,we will go there by bike.(条件状语从句)如果明天不下雨,我们就骑自行车去那里。(4)Although he didnt pass the exam,his father
10、 didnt get angry with him.(让步状语从句)虽然他没有通过考试,但他父亲并没有生他的气。(5)It was raining so hand that we coukdnt sse the road.(结果状语从句)雨下得很大,我们看不见路。(6)He got up very early so that he could catch the carly bus.(日的状语从句)他起得很早,以便能赶上早班车。2.引导词 时间状语从句 when/whilc/as 当时;When I was doing my homework,my mother came in.当我正在写作业
11、的时候,我妈妈进来了。before 在之前;after 在之后;since 自以来;until/till 直到为止;He did not go to bed until his father came back 直到爸爸回来他才去睡觉。as soon as 一就 原因状语从句 because 因为;I like to eat apples because they are good for my health 我喜欢吃苹果,因为它们对我的健康有益。since 既然;as 由于 条件状语从句 if 如果;If it doesnt rain tomorrow,1 will go to the pa
12、rk.如果明天不下雨,我将会去公园。as long as 只要;unless 除非 目的状语从句 so that 以便,为了:He gets up early every moming so that he can catch the bus.他每天早上起得很早,以便能赶上公交车。in order that 为了 结果状语从句 so.that/such.that 如此以至于 Its so hot outside that nobody wants to go out 外面太热以至于没人想出去。让步状语从句 though/although 尽管,虽然;even if/though 即使;What
13、ever 无论什么;Wherever 无论哪里;Whenever 无论何时 Wherever you go,I will go with you.无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。Whenever you come,l will wait for you.无论你什么时候来,我都会等你。3.状语从句注意事项 不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词(1)从属连词 because(因为)和并列连词 so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。Because he was tired,he couldnt walk there=He was tired,so he couldnt walk there.因为他累
14、了,所以他不能走到那儿。(2)although/though(虽然)和but(但是)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。但although/though和yet/still 可以同时出现在一个句子里。Though he was tired,he stillmyorked hard.He was tired,but he still worked hard.虽然他累了,但他仍然努力工作。(3)if的不同用法 if 有两个意思,作“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句;作“假如,如果”讲时,引导条件状语从句,此时若主句为一般将来时或祈使句,从句通常用一般现在时。I wonder if l should wear a coat or not.我不知道该不该穿外套。If it rains,we wont have a sports meeting 如果下雨,我们就不开运动会了。I dont know if Jack will arrive today.If he arrives,I will tell you at once.我不知道杰克今天是否会到。如果他到了,我会马上告诉你。(第一个 if,意为“是否”,引导宾语从句。第二个 if,意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句。)