1、一致关系一致关系 1.概述概述 所谓一致关系就是在英语句子中各个成分之间必须在人称、性、数等方面保持一定的语法关系。一致关系必须遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。(1).语法一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of mistakes was surprising.错误的数量很惊人。(2).意义一致.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：My family are having supper now.我们一家人现在正吃晚饭。.主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：T
2、hirty dollars is too expensive for this dictionary.这本词典30美元太贵了。(3).就近一致谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如：Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且学生也喜欢踢足球。2.主谓一致主谓一致(名词与动词的一致名词与动词的一致)(1).单复数同形的名词作主语时谓语动词的形式单复数同形的名词作主语时，如果表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。如：This glass work
3、s was set up in 1980.这家玻璃厂建于1990年。(2).只有复数形式的名词作主语时谓语动词的形式。只有复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Where are my spectacles?I cant find them.我的眼镜呢？我找不着。(3).以-s结尾的不可数名词作主语时谓语动词的形式以-s结尾的不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Whats the news?有什么新闻？(4).以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时谓语动词的形式 以-s结尾的表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，如：the Netherlands荷兰 the Un
4、ited States美国 the United Nations联合国 The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 以-s结尾的表示山脉、群岛等复数意义的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：the Alps阿尔卑斯山 the Philippine lslands菲律宾群岛 the Appalachians阿巴拉契亚山脉 the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 例：The Alps are the greatest mountain range in Europe.They cover an area of about 200,000 sq.km.阿尔卑斯山脉是欧洲最大的山脉，
5、其面积为20万平方公里。(5).集体名词作主语时谓语动词的形式 集体名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Nowadays almost every family in the villiahe owns a televison.如今，村上几乎每家都有电视机。集体名词:army,association,audience,band,board(董事会)，cast(全体演员)，choir(唱诗班)，chorus,clan(部落；党派)，class,city,club,college,commission,committee,compa
6、ny,corporation,council,couple,crew,crowd,department,enemy,faculty,family,federation,firm,gang,generation,government,group,institution,jury(陪审团),majority,mainkind,military,minority,nation,navy,opposition,orchestra,pair,party,personel,population,public,school,staff,team,tribe,union,univerty.有些集体名词如：ca
7、ttle,folk,militia,people,police,police,youth等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：There are many people in the meeting room.会议室有很多人。具有单数意义的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词为单数形式。如：There is a lot of furniture in his living-room.他的客厅里有很多家具。(6).主语为外来的复数名词时谓语动词的形式某些外来的复数名词已没有复数意义，故谓语动词常用单数。如：This data is very interesting.这项数据很有意思。（也可用复数动词a
8、re）(7).表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时谓语动词的形式当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Three years has passed.三年已经过去了。(8).代词作主语时谓语动词的形式 不定代词each,every,no等修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Every man has his fault.每个人都有缺点。No man is born wise.人非生而知之。如果主语由more than one或many a 构成，尽管从意义
9、上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：More than one student has seen the film.不止一个学生看过那部电影。both,(a)few,many,several等限定词修饰主语时，要用复数形式。如：Both(of)these films are boring.这两部电影都没意思。Few(of)the guests are familiar to us.客人中没有几个是我们熟悉的。such,the same 起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：Such is our plan.我们的计划就是这样。all,most,none,some等代词
10、作主语时，要遵循意义一致的原则，即其谓语动词的单、复数形式要根据它们所代替的词的含义来确定。如：All of my classmates work hard 我们班所有同学学习都很用功。All of the water is gone.所有的水都用光了。由代词each,every one,no one,either,neither,another,the other作主语，以及由合成代词some(any,no,every)+thing(body,one)雪作主语时，均跟单数谓语动词。如：Each of the twenty guests was given a present.给20位客人每人
11、赠送一份礼品。关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。如：Those who want to go please sign your name here.想去的人请把名字签在这里。(9).表示不定数量的短语作主语时谓语动词的形式 a(great)number of,many,a few 修饰可数名词，其短语作主语，谓语动词一般用复数；a little,much,agreat deal of,a large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：在美国发现了许多其他种类的植物，如豆类、马铃薯以及各种各样的
12、果类。A number of other plants were found in America,for example,beans,potatoes,and different fruits.(a large)quantities修饰可数复数名词以及不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。large amount of修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如：Large quantities of water are needed for pouring purpose.冷却需要大量的水。a series of的后面接复数名词，作主语时谓语用单数形式。如：There
13、has been a whole series of accidents on this stretch of road recently.最近在这一段路上发生了一连串事故。the number of可数名词，the amount of+不可数名词，the quantity of+可数复数名词或不可数名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：As a result,the number of the people who travel by plane in china is larger than ever before.结果，在中国乘飞机旅游的人数比以前大大增加。(10).分数或百分
14、数作主语时谓语动词的形式“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成短语或有“a lot of,lots of,half of,plenty of,a(large)quantity of,the rest of,the remainder of,a heap of,heaps of+可数或不可数名词”构成短语作主语时，谓语形式是用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。试比较：Half of the students have read the bovel.一半学生读过这本小说。Half of the food is unfit to eat.一半的食物不能吃了。(11).数词、量词作主语时与谓语动词的形式 基
15、数词单纯表示数字作主语时，其谓语通常用单数形式，但当基数词表示的不是数值而是数量时，谓语动词可用复数形式。如：Ten billion is a large number.100亿是个大数字。用作运算的数词作主语时，其谓语常用单数形式。如：Three plus(and)five is(makes,equals,gives)eight.三加五等于八。(12).名词化形容词作主语时谓语动词的形式 名词化的形容词作主语，“the形容词（或过去分词）”结构充当主语时，如表示一类可数的人或事物时，用复数谓语；如表示一类不可数的事物或少数过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。这类词往往有：the brav
16、e,the poor,the rich,the blind,the young,the old,the sick,the dead,the deaf and dumb,the sgreeable,the oppressed,the injured,the wounded,the unemployed等。如：The rich are for the plan,but the poor are against it.富人赞成这项计划，但穷人反对这项计划。(13).非限定动词短语作主语时谓语动词的形式动名词短语、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Nodding the head means a
17、greement,while shaking it means disagreement点头意味着同意，摇头意味着不同意。(14).名词性从句作主语时谓语动词的形式从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；由what引导的主语从句，如果从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式时，则要求用复数形式的谓语。如：Whether he will come or not is uncertain.他来不来还不一定。(15).用连接词连接的名词或代词作主语时谓语动词的形式 由连接词连接的名词或代词作主语。用and或bothand连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：Lucy and Lily are twins露茜和
18、莉莉是孪生姐妹。Chapter three and the last chapter are written by Professor Liu.第三章和最后一章是由刘教授写的。当名词或代词后跟有with,as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in additionto,combined with等连接作主语时，谓语动词一般和前一名词或代词的人称和数一致。如：John,rather than his roommates,is
19、 to blame.约翰，而不是他的室友，应该受到责备。(16).or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also等连接的并列主语的谓语动词形式 以or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also等连接的并列主语的谓语动词形式，通常依据就近原则，即人称和数的形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。如：You or he is in the wrong.不是你错了，就是他错了。(17).there+be句型中并列主语的谓语动词形式 在“there+be”句型中，there+be之后的名词是句子的主语。主语是单数则谓语动词为is/
20、was，主语是复数则动词为are/were。如果句子的主语是两个以上的名词，又有单数和复数的区别，则采取就近一致原则。即邻近动词的名词是单数则动词用is/was，邻近动词的名词是复数则动词用are/were。如：There is a laser printer and a cordless telephone on the desk.桌子上有一台激光打印机和一部无绳电话。3.主语与状语逻辑主语的一致主语与状语逻辑主语的一致 表示时间、条件以及伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，否则意义就会含混不清。如：误误：Having been delayed by heavy traffic
21、,it was important for her to arrive on time.正正：Having been delayed by heavy traffic,she found it important for her to arrive on time.由于交通堵塞的耽搁，她觉得不可能按时到达了。误误：After finishing his speech,the audience was invited to ask question.正正：After finishing his speech,he invited the audience to ask question.他发完言
22、后，邀请听众提问题。4.同等成分的一致同等成分的一致(1).句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致，否则会使句子失去平衡和协调。如：Sleep,rest and relaxed are the best remedies for many headaches.睡眠、休息和娱乐是治疗多种头痛的最好方法。(应改为：relaxation)The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted,smell,or color.我们所呼吸的空气中的氧是无味、无嗅和无色的。(应改为：taste)误：Collecting stamps,playing chess and t
23、o catch butterflies are Marys hobbies.正：Collecting stamps,playing chess and catching butterflies are Marys hobbies.集邮、下棋和捉蝴蝶是玛丽的爱好。(2).在比较结构中，被比较的事物应是同等成分。在比较从句中常用that代替前面单数名词，用those代替复数名词。如：误：The workers in that factories are fewer than our factory.正：The workers in that factories are fewer than tho
24、se our factory.那个工厂的工人比我们厂的工人少。一致关系专项练习 选择：1._ great number of people visit the Palace Museum every day.a.There are a b.While a c.They are d.A d 2.The disabled _trades in special schools.a.is taught b.are taught c.be taught d.have b 3.The captain,as well as the coaches _ by Xiao Zhou s performance i
25、n the match.a.was impressed b.had impressed c.impressed d.be impressed a 4 Every means _ been tried ever since the machine broke down.a.has b.have c.are d.is a 5.The number of motorcycles _ lest the roads became too crowded.a.are to be limited b.is to be limited c.have to be limited d.to be limited
26、b 6.You as well as he _ to blame far the accident.a.are b.is c.have d.has a 7.Neither you,nor I nor anyone else _ the answer a.is knowing b.are knowing c.know d.knows d 8.The high standard of the nation s literature,art,and science _ widespread attention.a.was captured b.have captured c.has captured
27、 d.were captured c 9.No one except his parents _ where the baby has gone.a.know b.knows c.has known d.have known b 10.Neither my wife nor I myself _ able to teach my daughter to sing English songs.a.has been b.is c.are d.am d 11.My father seldom watches television in the evening._ a.So does my mothe
28、r b.My mother does either c.My mother doesn t too d.Nor does my mother d 12.I am going to visit the Marco Palo Bridge tomorrow.“_”.a.I am so b.So am i c.So go i d.So I go b 13.I haven t read today s People s Daily Yet,and I haven t read today s China Daily._ a.bath b.too c.either d.neither c 14.Mary
29、 has lived in London and Manchester,but doesn t like _ very much.a.both b.either c.the two d.both of b 15.Li Hong and I can go to the beach with you._ a.but either can Xiao Wang b.and so Xiao Wang car c.but Xiao Wan can t d.and Xiao Wan also can c 填空：填空：1.Bob s wife won t agree to go an holiday in w
30、inter,_ he neither will he 2 Xiao Zhou plays computer games all the time._ does Li Hong.”So 3.I would like another drink and _ John so would John 4.She is the only one among the _ writers who _stories for children.woman,write women writes 5.The railway station is _from our school.two hour drive two
31、hours drive 6.A great deal of talking and listening that _ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.occur occurs 7.More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programmes _in England.Be are 8.The rest of the magazines _ within half an hour.sell out were sold out 9.What we need _good textbooks.ar
32、e 10.No bird and no beast _in the lonely island see is seen阅读理解 Nowadays,we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization（全球化）,accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern of local life is being undermined（破坏）,and many dialects（方言）and traditions are becoming extinct.But stop and think
33、for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing.Read on and you are sure to feel comforted,ready to face the global future.Consider the Internet,that good example of our shrinking world.Leaving aside the worries about political extremism,even the most narrow-minded must a
34、dmit that the net offers a lot of benefits,not just in terms of education,the sector（部分）for which it was originally designed,but more importantly on a global level,the spread of news and comment.It will be increasingly difficult for politicians to misinform the public,as the oppressed（被压迫的）will not
35、only find support and comfort,but also be able to organize themselves more effectively.MTV is another global provider that is often criticized for imposing（强加）popular culture on the unsuspecting millions around the world.Yet the viewers judgment on MTV is undoubtedly positive;it is regarded as neces
36、sary by most of the global teenage generation who watch it,a vital part of growing up.And in the final analysis,what harm can a few songs and videos cause?Is the world dominance（绝对优势）of brands like Nike and Coca-Cola so bad for us,when all is said and done?Sportswear and soft drinks are harmless pro
37、ducts when compared to the many other things that have been globally available for a longer period of time heroin and cocaine,for example.In any case,just because Nike shoes and Coke cans are for sale,it doesnt mean you have to buy them even globalization cannot take away peoples free will.Critics o
38、f globalization can stop presenting their doom（毁灭）and gloom（阴暗）statements.Life goes on,and has more to offer for many citizens of the world than it did for their parents generation.1Some people feel sad about globalization because they believe it will _.Abring threat to the world peaceBaffect the ri
39、ch local lifeCchange their present easy lifestyleDincrease the size of people speaking dialects 2Internet was originally designed _.Ato promote education Bto make news and comment knownCto make people not worried Dto publicize political beliefs 3It is implied in the passage that Nike and Coca-Cola _
40、.Ashould not become dominant brands Bhave been ignored by many peopleCcannot be compared with drugsDshouldnt have caused so much worry 4Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?AGlobalization is Standardization（标准化）BGlobalization:Like it or change it CGlobalization:Dont Worry,Be HappyDGlobalization Brings Equality
