1、2022 考研英语翻译强化精讲11.1 翻译的基本定义第一章 考研翻译基础知识翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实地表达另外一种语言。1.2 考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据 2021 年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约 400 词的文章，并将其中 5 个划线部分（约 150 词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、通顺、完整。考生在答题卡2 上作答。” 以 2014 年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是 5 个划线部分。如：Part C T
2、ranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at differen
3、t moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely t
4、his permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethovens importance in music has been principa
5、lly defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In music
6、al expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement
7、 for the performers of Beethovensmusic. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethovens habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers befor
8、e him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, f
9、or him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring t
10、he disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word.
11、 (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.参考答案Part C46. 这也为什么我们在试图用语言来描述音乐时，只能说清楚对音乐的感受，而不能理解音 乐本身。47. 人们普遍认为贝多芬是个思想自由且勇敢无畏的人，我发现勇气这一特征是理解其作品的关键，更不用说是演奏其作品的关键了。48. 贝多芬惯用极其强烈的情绪来提高乐曲的音量，然后再突然跟上一
12、段轻柔的段落，在他 之前，只有极个别的作曲家运用这样的表现方式。49. 尤为重要的是他对自由的看法，对他而言，自由与个人的权利和责任息息相关，他提倡思想和个人言论的自由。50. 我们可以这样来解读贝多芬的大部分作品：痛苦是不可避免的，但是战胜痛苦的勇气使 活着更有意义。（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5 个小题，每题 2 分，共 10 分。如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意义，该句得分最多不超过 0.5 分。如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；如果其中一个译法3有错，按错误译法评分。中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三
13、个错别字扣 0.5分，无 0.25 扣分。（三）考研翻译近年考题特点和内容1990 年：人的性格和行为分析1991 年：能源与农业1992 年：智力评估的科学性1993 年：科学研究的方法1994 年：科学家与技术科学发展的关系1995 年：标准化测试与评估1996 年：科学发展的差别和动力1997 年：动物的权利1998 年：天体物理学中的大爆炸理论1999 年：历史研究的方法论2000 年：政府调控与工业化发展2001 年：计算机与未来生活2002 年：行为科学的发展2003 年：人类学的发展2004 年：语言学2005 年：传媒领域中的电视媒介2006 年：美国知识分子的作用2007 年
14、：法学在新闻报道中的作用。2008 年：论达尔文的思想及其变化2009 年：正规教育2010 年：生态环保2011 年：环境对人心智的影响2012 年：普遍真题2013 年：无家可归者的花园2014 年：对贝多芬音乐的评价2015 年：殖民时期的美国2016 年：放慢生活节奏2017 年：英语走向何方2018 年：戏剧的演变与衰落2019 年：医学论文的弊端与改进2020 年：文艺复兴2021 年：二战后高等教育发展情况第二章 考研翻译的标准、方法、过程与核心解题策略2.1 考研翻译的标准：准确、通顺、完整2.2 考研翻译方法：（1） 直译（literal translation）4举例：ho
15、neymoonmad cow disease hot linechain reaction gene therapy（2） 意译（free translation; paraphrase） 举例：as timid as hareday studentin the dark cash crops（3） 直译和意译的关系举例：He had one foot in the grave.bulls eye milky wayIt is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do
16、.What the tongue says, the neck pays for.2.3 考研翻译的基本过程翻译的基本定义：翻译是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。 一、理解例子：The medicinal herb helps a cough.误译：这种草药帮助咳嗽。改译：这种草药可治疗咳嗽。二、表达Do animals have right? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isnt,
17、because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. （1997 年考研翻译第 71 题）三、校对2.4 考研翻译解题的核心策略拆分与组合第一步：句子拆分，逐个翻译2.4.1 拆分的第一步也是最重要的一步句子成分分析，找主干！英语中的五种基本句型结构句型 1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) A traffic accident happened.The sun rises.句型 2：Subject (主语) L
18、ink. V(系动词) Predicate(表语) To be or not to be is a hard thingThis kind of food tastes delicious.句型 3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语) We are learning English.Do you know him?句型 4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语) Her mother bought her a skirt.Give me the book, please.句型
19、5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语) You should keep the room clean and tidy.We made him our monitor.2.4.2 拆分的五大原则：（1） 主干与修饰成分要拆分（2） 主句与从句要拆分（3） 不定式要拆分（4） 过去分词与现在分词要拆分（5） 用信号词或标点符号进行拆分2.4.3 拆分的常见信号词：1. 连词：如 and, or, but, yet, for 等并列连词连接着并列句；还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when, as, since, until, before,
20、 after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that,等等；它们就成了理解英语句子的拆分点。2. 关系词：如连接名词性从句的 who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等关系代词和 when, where, why 等关系副词；还有连接定语从句的关系代词，如 who,7which, that, whom, whose 等等；它们也是理解英语句子的拆分点。3. 介词：如on, in, with, at, of, to 等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语，所以它们也是理解英语句子的拆
21、分点。4. 不定式符号 to：不定式常常构成不定式短语做定语或者状语修饰语，所以也可以是拆分点。5. 分词：过去分词和现在分词可以构成分词短语作修饰语，所以可以是拆分点。6. 标点符号：标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。第二步：改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文a)在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词之前； b)但是如果英语的定语从句过于复杂，放在所修饰的名词前，句子会很不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译，独立成为一句c) 简短的状语可以放在所修饰的动词前面；d) 复杂的状语从句可以安排在整个句子主干的前面或者后面；e)
22、在英语中被动句使用很多，而汉语中主动句则使用很多，所以翻译的时候可以少用“被” 字句，用别的词来代替“被”字或者转化成主动句等等。第三步：重读与整合，表达通顺英汉五大差异：英语重结构，汉语重意境英语多长句，汉语多短句英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多变化，汉语多重复英语多省略，汉语多补充例 句 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispas
23、sioned manner that naturalscientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（35 词，2003 年翻译第 62 题） 第一步：拆分1） 句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry，2） 定语从句：which 后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是 social science，3） 方式状语： in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 是方式状语，其中的 r
24、easoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned 是并列定语，修饰 manner，4） 定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句，其先行词是 manner。5） 拆分后句子的总结构是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and1 主句2 定语从句their endeavors in the same reasoned,
25、orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner3 方式状语that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.4 定语从句第二步：组合1）Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 主干，“社会科学是知识探索的一个分支”； 2）which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 定语从句比较复杂，可以放在所修饰的先行词后面，“它试图研究人类及其行为”；3） in the s
26、ame reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 方式状语，如果照原来顺序放在动词后面不是太通顺，可以放到动词“试图”后面翻译成“它试图以一种的方式来研究人类及其行为”；4） that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.定语从句直接放到所修饰的词“方式”前面，“自然科学家用来研究自然想象那样同样的方式”；第三步：重读与整合参考译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图象自然科学家用来研究自然现象那样， 以理性的，有序的，系统的和冷静的方式来研究人
27、类及其行为。第三章翻译技巧之词法翻译词义选择与词义引申3.1 考研翻译真题中词义的适度引申1. “In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(1994 年翻译 72 题)2. In gene
28、ral， the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be mostprecisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated cannot be well defined. (1995 年翻译 74 题)3. However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with someof
29、the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects. (1996 年翻译 74 题)4. Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have. (1997 年翻译 71 题)5. Odd though it sounds ， cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of
30、 somerespected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (1998 年翻译 75 题)6. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques ap
31、propriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (1999 年翻译 74 题)7. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. (2001 年翻译 75 题)8. Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture”，like t
32、he concept of “set” in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003 年翻译 65 题)9. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished，as the peopleswho spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost the
33、ir native languages. (2004 年 62 题)10. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005 年翻译 48 题)893.2 根据词语搭配辨析词义1. good sayin
34、g 名言3. good boy 乖孩子2. good investment 可靠的投资4. good joke 有趣的笑话5. good child 孝子7. good contract 有效的合同9. good debt 有把握收回的债11. good eggs 新鲜的鸡蛋13. good eyesight 正常的视力15. good father 慈父17. good features 端正的相貌19. good friend 挚友3.3 根据上下文的语境辨析词义21. good friend 益友23. good idea 妙计6. good looks 美貌8. good luck 鸿
35、运10. good manners 得体的举止12. good match 佳偶、劲敌14. good mother 良母16. good neighbor 睦邻18. good reason 充足的理由20. good soil 肥沃的土地22. good teacher 良师24. good wife 贤妻1. His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)2. Modern aircraft is so heavy that the wings must develop a very la
36、rge lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力)3. Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (发明避雷针)4. A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出论断)5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not
37、have much success. (提出理论)6. To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)7. Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种)8. As young Goddard grew i
38、nto manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上结核病)9. We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(开发资源)10. Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(开采矿床)104.1 定语4.1.1 前置定语第四章翻译技巧之句法翻译1. Science moves forward，they say，not so much thro
39、ugh the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994 年翻译 71 题)2. “In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，waslargely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that ex
40、panded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994 年翻译 72 题)3. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (1994 年翻译 75 题)4.1.2 后置定语1. How well the pred
41、ictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount ， reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995 年翻译 72 题)2. In general， the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most preci
42、sely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined. (1995 年翻译 74 题)3. Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius asbecause of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994 年翻译 71 题)4. Wheth
43、er to use tests，other kinds of information ，or both in a particular situation depends， therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (1995 年翻译第 73 题)5. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contrac
44、t，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. (1997 年翻译第 72 题)6. Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds
45、. (2000 年翻译第 72 题)综合演练：4.2 定语从句4.2.1 前置合译法( 1996 年翻译第 72 题)This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.4.2.2 后置分译法( 1990 年
46、翻译第 64 题)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.( 2005 年翻译第 49 题)Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures
47、and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.( 2004 年翻译第 61 题)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.174.2.3 融合变译法( 1991 年翻译第 63 题)This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally laz
