1、概要写作 summary What is a summary? A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something, not the details. 牛津高阶英汉双解词典 1. 考纲要求 概要写作。提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基 于该短文写出一篇60词左右（少于40或多于80词扣 两分）的内容概要。阅卷时主要考虑以下内容： 1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性和独创性； 3.上下文的连贯性； read for key point/ topic sentenc
2、es paraphrase/own words polish 概要写作步骤： Step 1 定位定位 Locate the key sentences； Step2 改写改写 Rewrite the key sentences in your own words； Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary. Para.1 No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely a
3、ccepted theory,the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. After that,atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. Read for key points or topic Sentences Tip1: Sentences beginning with signal words like “but”, “however”,“actually” etc. are often the
4、 focus. Para.2 For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would
5、 last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Tip2: Key words are often rep
6、eated.Find the logic between details and summarize it. the earth came into being water atmosphere Para.3 Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What
7、 many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Tip3: The topic sentence is not necessarily the first sentence or the last one,
8、 but it must convey the main idea. Tip4: Omit省略 detailed information. supporting sentence Focus on repeated words or phrases; Notice signal words like “but”, “sadly”, “however”, etc. Omit detailed information. The topic sentence is not necessarily the first or the last sentence. How to locate the to
9、pic sentence 概要写作三步法： Step 1 定位定位 Locate the essential information； Step2 改写改写 Rewrite the information in your own words； Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary. 概要写作之改写微技能： （1 1）替换：）替换： 同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子 （2 2）转换：）转换： 词性转换词性转换；句式转换；语态转换；主语转换；句式转换；语态转换；主语转换 Para
10、.1 The universe began with a “Big Bang”同义词替换 The universe started with/originated from a big bang. Practice: Para.1 The universe began with a “Big Bang”主语转换 A big bang gave rise to/leaded to/resulted in the universe. Practice: Para.2 The earth came into being atmosphere water The earth came into bei
11、ng with atmosphere and water on its surfaces . Practice: Para.3 It took some time for water to show the importancein the development of life . It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. 同义词替换同义词替换/ /句式转化句式转化/ /主语转化主语转化 Step 1 定位定位 Locate the essential
12、 information； Step2 改写改写 Rewrite the information in your own words； Step3 修改修改 Add some conjunctions and polish your summary. 概要写作三步法： However Long after the appearance of universe The universe started with/originated from a big bang. The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfac
13、es . It took some time for water to show the importance in the development of life . One possible version The universe started with a big bang .Long after the appearance of it, the earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces . However, It took some time for water to show the impo
14、rtance in the development of life . practice 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。 We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of
15、the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion. Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uni
16、form makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they cant judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments abo
17、ut who or what is fashionable. However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctors white coat. When we go into a ban
18、k we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scene
19、s for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes. But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doin
20、g at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us. Para.1 Para.3 Para.2 Para.4 Read for Key Points Para.1 We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we
21、 do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing
22、 is to wear the right clothes for the occasion. _ _ Point 1 _ Read for Key Points Para.2 Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform he
23、lps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they cant judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable. _ _ 1. _ _ 2. _ Point 2 _ 3. _ _ 4. _ _ benefits Read
24、for Key Points Para. 3 However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctors white coat. When we go into a bank we exp
25、ect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ea
26、se of coordination. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes. _ _ Point 3 _ _ _ Read for Key Points Para.4 But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can
27、show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us. _ _ _ _ _ Point 4 List the Key Points Para. Key points 1 It is importan
28、t to wear the right clothes for the occasion. 2 Schools ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? 3 However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear a doctora bank Police officers a lot of c
29、ompanies 4 right clothes can show our attitude that we are serious about what we are doing Furthermore, people will have confidence in us. Examples of restating the key points Key point 1 The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion. restate Wearing right clothes for occasions i
30、s significant. Since judging a person by their appearance is unavoidable, wearing proper clothes for different occasions is more than vital. Clothes should be worn suitably for different occasions Examples of restating the key points Key point 2 Schools ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? res
31、tate Students are required to wear uniforms for various benefits. Teachers think uniforms can make student serious about their study seriously and avoid arguments. wearing uniforms at school can help students become serious about their study and avoid many problems Examples of restating the key poin
32、ts Key point 3 However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear a doctora bank Police officers a lot of companies restate Different jobs need different clothes for customers expectations. Peo
33、ple should attach importance to what they wear in certain ways. Different professions should dress themselves in certain ways. Examples of restating the key points Key point 4 Right clothes can show our attitude that we are serious about what we are doing Furthermore, people will have confidence in
34、us. restate Suitable clothes can show others we are serious and confident. Suitable clothes can make other aware of our seriousness and confidence. Proper clothes can present our attitudes such as being serious and confident. After writing: Use proper conjunctions(连接词） to polish your passage. Introd
35、uction: The passage/article focuses on/mainly tells us 表转折：but, however, though, although 表并列、递进：as well as, in addition to, not only.but also, besides, whats more, furthermore,. 表对比：meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, contrast ,. 表列举：firstly/secondly/finally/. 表原因：because (of) ,due to, o
36、n account of,.; for 表举例：for example/instance, such as, and so on Ending：therefore, consequently, In short, in conclusion, in a word 使用合适的连接词 Sample： The article mainly tells us wearing proper clothes is important for peoples first impressions.(要点1) For example, schools require students to wear unifo
37、rms for various benefits.(要点2) Besides schools, other places, like hospitals, banks, police stations and some companies also want their staffs to dress in uniforms properly. (要点3) In conclusion, our clothes can show our attitudes, such as being serious and having confidence .(要 点4) (62词) Conclusion： How to Write a Good Summary? 1.1.仔细阅读文本：读结构、读主题句、读关键信息。仔细阅读文本：读结构、读主题句、读关键信息。 2. 2. 用自己的语言表述文章的关键点，注意句子的语法结构和词汇用自己的语言表述文章的关键点，注意句子的语法结构和词汇 的准确性，避免抄袭原句，不遗漏要点。的准确性，避免抄袭原句，不遗漏要点。( (段落段落= =要点要点) ) 3. 3. 运用适当的连接词润色文章。运用适当的连接词润色文章。 4. 4. 关注所写概要的关注所写概要的词数词数
