1、The upper limb山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室李振华李振华The muscles of backSuperficial groupnTrapezius 斜方肌斜方肌nLatissimus dorsi 背阔肌背阔肌nLevator scapulae 肩胛提肌肩胛提肌nRhomboideus菱形肌菱形肌 Deep group nErector spinae 竖脊肌竖脊肌nSplenius 夹肌夹肌nThoracolumbar fascia 胸腰胸腰筋膜筋膜The muscles of thoraxExtrinsic musclesnPectoralis major
2、胸大肌胸大肌 nPectoralis minor 胸小肌胸小肌 nSerratus anterior 前锯肌前锯肌Intrinsic musclesnIntercostales externi 肋间外肌肋间外肌nIntercostales interni 肋间内肌肋间内肌nIntercostales intimi 肋间最内肌肋间最内肌Major muscles of the trunkTrapezius nOrigin:superior nuchal line,external occipital protuberance,ligamentum nuchae and spinous proce
3、sses of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebraenInsertion:lateral third of clavicle,acromion,and spine of scapularterynActon:upper fibers elevate scapula,lower fibers depress scapula;if scapula is fixed,one side acting along,draws head toward the same side,and turn face to opposite side;both sid
4、es together,draw head directly backwardLatissimus dorsinOrigin:spinous processes of lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae,median sacral crest,and posterior part of iliac crest.nInsertion:floor of intertubercular groove of humerus.nAction:trunk fixed,extends,adducts and medially rotates arm;arm
5、 fixed,elevates trunk.Erector spinaen Position:fills the vertebral groove on each side of the spinen Action:extends vertebral column(draw head backwar)Pectoralis majornOrigin:medial half of clavicle,sternum,1th-6th costal cartilages.nInsertion:crest of greater tubercle of humerus.nAction:flexes,addu
6、cts and rotates arm medially;arm fixed,elevates trunk;elevates ribs 1-6,aidding in forced inspiration.The Muscles of Upper LimbMuscles of shouldernDeltoidnsupraspinatusnInfraspinatusnTeres minornTeres majornsubscapularisMuscles of armnAntererior groupqBiceps brachii 肱二头肌肱二头肌qCoracobrachialis喙肱肌喙肱肌qB
7、rachialis 肱肌肱肌nPosterior group triceps brachii肱三头肌肱三头肌Muscles of forearmnSuperficial layerqBrachioradialis 肱桡肌肱桡肌qPronator teres 旋前圆肌旋前圆肌qFlexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌桡侧腕屈肌qPalmaris longus 掌长肌掌长肌qFlexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌尺侧腕屈肌nThird layerqFlexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌指深屈肌qFlexor pollicis longus 拇拇长
8、屈肌长屈肌nFourth layer pronator quadratus 旋前方肌旋前方肌Action:flex radiocarpal joint and fingers,pronate forearmnSecond layer flexor digitorum superficials 指浅屈肌指浅屈肌Posterior group(10)nSuperficial layer(5)qExtensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸肌桡侧腕长伸肌qExtensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸肌桡侧腕短伸肌qExtensor digitor
9、um 指指伸肌伸肌qExtensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌小指伸肌qExtensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌尺侧腕屈肌Deep layer(5)nSupinator旋后肌旋后肌nAbductor pollicis longus拇长展肌拇长展肌nExtensor pollicis brevis拇拇短伸肌短伸肌nExtensor pollicis longus拇长伸肌拇长伸肌nExtensor indicis 示示指伸肌指伸肌nAction:extend radiocapral joint and fingers,and supinate forearmMuscle
10、s of handnLateral groupthenar 鱼际鱼际(4)qAbductor pollicis brevis拇短展肌拇短展肌qFlexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌拇短屈肌qOpponens pollicis 拇对掌肌拇对掌肌qAdductor pollicis 拇收肌拇收肌nAction:flex,abduct,adduct and oppose thumbnMedial grouphypothenar (3)qAbductor digiti minimi 小指展肌小指展肌qFlexor digiti minimi brevis小指短屈小指短屈肌肌qOppon
11、ens digiti minimi小指对掌肌小指对掌肌nAction:flex,abduct,and oppose little fingerIntermedial groupnLumbricales 蚓状肌蚓状肌(4)flex fingers at MP joints;extend fingers at IP jointsnPalmar interossei 骨间掌骨间掌侧肌侧肌(3)adduct fingers towards middle finger at MP jointsnDorsal interossei 骨间背侧骨间背侧肌肌(3)abduct fingers away from
12、 middle finger at MP joints Major muscles of upper limbDeltoidnOrigin:lateral third of clavicle,acromion,and spine of scapulanInsertion:deltoid tuberosity of humerus nAction:abducts，flexes and medically rotates,extends,and laterally rotates armTeres majornOrigin:dorsal surface of inferior angle of s
13、capulanInsertion:crest of lesser tubercle of humerusnAction:medially rotates and adducts armBiceps brachiinOrigin:long head,supraglenoid tubercle;short head,coracoid processnInsertion:radical tuberositynAction:supinator of forearm,flexor of elbow joint,weak flexor of should jointPronator teresnOrigi
14、n:medical epicondyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearmnInsertion:middle of lateral surface of radiusnAction:pronation of forearm and flexion of elbowTriceps brachiinOrigin:long head,infraglenoid tubercle;lateral head,above groove for radical n.,medical head,below groove for radical n.nInsertion:
15、olecranon of ulnanAction:extends elbow joint),long head can extend and adduct shoulder jointSupinatornOrigin:lateral epicondyle of humerus and upper part of lateral border of ulnanInsertion:upper third of anterior surface of radiusnAction:supination of forearmArteries of upper limbAxillary artery nC
16、ontinuation of subclavian artery at lateral border of first ribnBecomes brachial artery at lower border of teres majornDivided into three parts by overlying pectoralis minorqFirst portion,above musclegives rise to thoracoacromial a.胸肩峰动脉胸肩峰动脉qSecond portion,behind musclegives rise to lateral thoraci
17、c a.胸外侧动脉胸外侧动脉qThird portion,below musclegives rise to subscapular a.肩胛下动脉肩胛下动脉,anterior and posterior humeral circumflex a.旋肱前、后动脉旋肱前、后动脉;the former then divides into throcodorsal a.胸背动脉胸背动脉 and circumflex scapular a.旋肩胛动脉旋肩胛动脉Brachial arterynContinuation of axillary arterynDivides into radial and
18、ulnar arteries at level of neck of radiusnBranches qDeep brachial a.肱深动脉肱深动脉accompanies with radial nerveqSuperior ulnar collaeral a.尺侧上副动脉尺侧上副动脉accompanies with ulnar nerveqInferior ulnar collateral a.尺侧下副动脉尺侧下副动脉Radial artery and branches nRadial recurrent a.桡侧返动脉桡侧返动脉nSuperfical palmar branch 掌浅支
19、掌浅支nPrincipal artery of thumb 拇主要动脉拇主要动脉Ulnar artery and branchesnUlnar recurrent a.尺侧返动脉尺侧返动脉nCommon interosseous artery 骨间总动脉骨间总动脉qAnterior interossous a.骨间前动脉骨间前动脉qPosterior interosseous a.骨间后动脉骨间后动脉nDeep palmar branch 掌深支掌深支Superficial palmar arch 掌掌浅弓浅弓nFormed by ulnar artery and superficial pa
20、lmar branch of radial arterynCurve of arch lies across the palm,level with the distal border of fully extended thumb nGives rise to three common palmar digital arteries each then divides into two proper palmar digital arteriesDeep palmar arch 掌深弓掌深弓nFormed by radial artery and deep palmar branch of
21、ulnar arterynCurve of arch lies across upper part of palmar at level with proximal border of extended thumbnGives rise to three palmar metacarpal arteries Veins of the upper limbDeep veins:accompany the arteries of the same region and bear similar names Superficial veinsnCephalic vein 头静脉头静脉 qArises
22、 from the lateral side of the dorsal venous rete of hand qAscends on radial side of the forearm to the elbow and then in the lateral side of biceps brachii furrow,continues up the arm in the deltopectoral groove and then to the infraclavicular fossa,where it pierces clavipectoral fascia to drain int
23、o axillary veinnBasilic vein 贵要静脉贵要静脉qArises from the medial side of the dorsal venous rete of hand qAscends on the ulnar side of forearm to the elbow and then in the medial bicepital brachii furrow to middle of the arm where it pierces the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillary veinnMe
24、dian cubital vein 肘正中静肘正中静脉脉 links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa.It is a frequent site for venipuncture to remove a sample of blood or add fluid to the bloodThe lymphatic drainage of upper limbLymphatic vesselsnSuperficialfollow the superficial veins,drain into supratrochlear a
25、nd axillary lymph nodesnDeepaccompany main vessels,end in axillary lymph nodes lymph nodesnCubital lymph node:lies above medial epicondyle of humerusnAxillary lymph nodearranged in five groupsAxillary lymph nodes腋淋巴结腋淋巴结arranged in five groupsnLateral lymph nodes 外侧淋巴结外侧淋巴结 lie around the distal end
26、 of axillary vein,receiving drainage from the arm,forearm,and handnPectoral lymph nodes 胸肌淋巴结胸肌淋巴结lie along lateral thoracic vessels,receive afferents from anterior thoracic wall including central and lateral portion of mammanSubscapular lymph node 肩胛下淋肩胛下淋巴结巴结along subscapular vessels,receive lymph
27、 from nape and scapular regionnEfferents above three groups pass to central lymph node nCentral lymph node中央淋巴中央淋巴结结lie in fat of axillary fossa,receive drainage from all the above nodes,efferents pass to apical lymph node nApical lymph node 尖淋巴结尖淋巴结qLie in the apex of the axilla,along the proximal
28、end of axillary vesselsqReceive drainage chiefly from central lymph node,upper portion of mammaqEfferents form subclavian trunk,the right subclavian trunk joints the right lymphatic duct;left usually drains directly into thoracic ductBrachial plexus 臂丛臂丛Formation:nFive roots:formed by anterior rami
29、of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves,roots C5C7give rise to long thoracic n.胸长神经胸长神经nThree trunksqThe upper trunk is formed by the joining of root C4,C5,C6.qThe middle trunk is the continuation of root C7.qThe lower trunk is formed by the joining of root C8 and T1.nSix divisions:above clavicle,trunks form
30、anterior and posterior divisionsnThree cords:below clavicle,divisions form three cords that surround the second portion of axillary a.Position:passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery,then enters the axilla to form lateral,medial and posterior cordsMain branchesnLat
31、eral cord qMusculocutaneous n.肌皮神经肌皮神经qLateral root to median n.正中神经外侧正中神经外侧根根nMedial cord qMedial root to median n.正中神经内侧根正中神经内侧根qUlnar n.尺神经尺神经qMedial brachial cutaneous n.臂内侧皮臂内侧皮神经神经qMedial antebrachial cutaneous n.前臂内侧皮神经前臂内侧皮神经nPosterior cord qradial n.桡神经桡神经qaxillary n.腋神经腋神经qthoracodorsal n.
32、胸背胸背神经神经nMusculocutaneous 肌皮神经肌皮神经 Distribution:Biceps brachii,brachalis and coracobrachialis BBC nerve;skin on anterior aspect of forearmnMedian 正中神经正中神经qDistribution:Flexor of forearm except brachioradialis,flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus,thenar except adductor po
33、llicis,first two lumbricals;skin of thenar,central part of palm,palmar aspect of radial three and one-half fingers,including middle and distal fingers on dorsum qInjury:Apehand 猿手produces sign of benediction,in which the index and middle fingers cannot be flexed and the thumb cannot be opposed nUlna
34、r nerve qDistribution:Flexor carpi ulnaris,ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus,hypothenar muscles,interossei,3rd and 4th lumbricals and adductor pollicis;skin of hypothenar,palmar surface of ulnar one and one-half fingers,ulnar half of dorsum of hand,posterior aspect of ulnar two and one-half f
35、ingersqInjury:clawhand nRadial 桡神经桡神经qDistribution:Extensor muscles of arm and forearm,brachioradialis;skin on back of arm,forearm,and radial side of dorsum of hand and radial two and one-half fingers qInjury:Wristdrop nAxillary 腋神经腋神经 qDistribution:Deltoid and teres minor muscle;skin over deltoid a
36、nd upper posterior aspect of armqInjury:result in deltoid andteres minor paralysis(loss of shoulser abdution and weel external rotation)with loss of sensation over the deltoid Regional anatomy of upper limb山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室李振华李振华Parts and regions nShoulder regionjunction of arm and trunk nAr
37、mbetween should and elbownElbowbend of arm,joint between arm and forearmnForearmbetween elbow and handnHand Surface anatomynShoulder region:acromion,spine of scapula,coracoid process,greater tubercle,anterior and posterior axillary folds nArmmedial and lateral biceps brachii furrow,deltoid tuberosit
38、y nElbowmedial and lateral epicondyles,head of radius,olecranon,tendon of biceps brachiinForearmbetween elbow and handnHandstyloid process,dorsal tubercleAnatomical snuff box 鼻烟壶鼻烟壶nWhen the thumb is abducted and extended,a triangular hollow appears between the tendon of the extensor pollicis longs
39、medially and the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus laterally.nThe floor of the snuff box is the scaphoid and trapezium bones and crossed by the radial a.16501700Carring angle 提携角提携角 Mamma 乳房乳房PositionnLie in superficial fascia over the pectorals major and pectoral
40、fascia nExtend from 3rd to 7th ribs vertically,and from parasternal line to midaxillary line transversally Structurescontains skin,mammary glands and adipose tissuenEach brest has about 1520 lobes of mammary glandnEach lobe radiates out from the nipple and has a lactiferous duct输乳管输乳管 which opens se
41、parately on the summit of the nipple and possesses a dilated lactiferous sinuses输乳管输乳管窦窦 just prior to its terminationnSuspensory ligaments of breast乳房悬韧带乳房悬韧带(coopers ligaments)strands of connective tissue runs between skin and deep fascia and serve to support the mammary glandsAxillary fossa 腋窝腋窝n
42、The axillary fossa is a pyramid-shaped space through which major neurovascular structures pass between the thorax and upper extremityBoundaries nThe apex is a triangular space limited by the first rib,the scapula,and the middle third of clavicle.nThe baseskin and fascia of the axillary fossa nThe an
43、terior wallqPectoralis major,pectoralis minor and subclavius musclesqClavipectoral fascia 锁胸筋膜锁胸筋膜nThe deep faxcia which extends between subclavius,coracoid process and pectoralis minor musclesnThe structures pass through the clavipectoral faxciaqCephalic v.qThoracoacromial a.qLateral pectoral n.nTh
44、e posterior wallteres major,latissimus dorsi,subscapularis and scapula Trilateral and quadrilateral foramina 三三边孔和四边孔边孔和四边孔nBetween the subscapularis and teres major,there is a long triangular space whose lateral side is surgical neck of humerus.The long head of triceps brachii subdivides this space
45、 into a medial trilateral foramen and a lateral quadrilateral foramen.nThe posterior humeral circumflex a.and axillary n.pass through the quadrilateral foramen.nThe circumflex scapular a.passes through the triangular space to reach the dorsum of the scapula.nThe broad medial wallserratus anterior，in
46、tercostal muscles and upper four ribs nThe narrow lateral wallcoracobrachialis,biceps brachii and intertubercular grooveContents Brachial plexus,axillary a.and principal branches,axillary v.and tributaries,axillary lymph nodes and loose connective tissue Brachial plexus 臂丛臂丛Formation:nFive roots:for
47、med by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves,roots C5C7give rise to long thoracic n.胸长神经胸长神经nThree trunksqThe upper trunk is formed by the joining of root C4,C5,C6.qThe middle trunk is the continuation of root C7.qThe lower trunk is formed by the joining of root C8 and T1.nSix divisions:above
48、clavicle,trunks form anterior and posterior divisionsnThree cords:below clavicle,divisions form three cords that surround the second portion of axillary a.Position:passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery,then enters the axilla to form lateral,medial and posterior c
49、ordsMain branchesnLateral cord qMusculocutaneous n.肌皮神经肌皮神经qLateral root to median n.正中神经外侧根正中神经外侧根nMedial cord qMedial root to median n.正中神经内侧根正中神经内侧根qUlnar n.尺神经尺神经qMedial brachial cutaneous n.臂内侧皮神经臂内侧皮神经qMedial antebrachial cutaneous n.前臂内侧皮神经前臂内侧皮神经nPosterior cord qradial n.桡神经桡神经qaxillary n.腋神
50、经腋神经qthoracodorsal n.胸背神经胸背神经nAxillary sheath 腋鞘腋鞘extension of deep cervical fascia of the neck,forming a tubular sheath that surrounds axillary a.and v.,and brachial plexusAxillary artery nContinuation of subclavian artery at lateral border of first ribnBecomes brachial artery at lower border of te
