1、 1翻译要讲究信、达、雅三点，当然诗歌翻译也不例外，在原则上要遵循严复先生的信、达、雅，而且文化适应性是文化翻译的一个很重要的概念，文化适应性原则在诗歌的翻译中占据着重要的地位并起着积极的作用。不同的语言，因其不同的语言习惯、文化差异因素，在翻译过程中必须充分考虑其中。在翻译过程中，必须调动目标语言的一切手段来尽力再现原文的语言特点。2诗按音律分诗按音律分(Sound and rhythm)（1）古体诗古体诗：包括古诗（唐以前的诗歌）、楚辞、乐府诗包括古诗（唐以前的诗歌）、楚辞、乐府诗.A form of pre-Tang poetry,usu.having five or seven cha
2、racters to each line,without strict tonal patterns or rhyme schemes （2）近体诗近体诗:绝句绝句+律诗律诗 “modern style”poetry,referring to innovations in classical poetry during the Tang Dynasty,marked by strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes（3）词词：又称为诗余、长短句、曲子、曲子词、乐府等。又称为诗余、长短句、曲子、曲子词、乐府等。Ci,a type of classical Ch
3、inese poetry（4）曲曲：又称为词余、乐府。元曲包括散曲和杂剧。又称为词余、乐府。元曲包括散曲和杂剧。Qu,a type of verse for singing,popular in the Yuan Dynasty 3 （1）怀古诗（）怀古诗（Nostalgic Poetry）（2）咏物诗）咏物诗(Object-Chanting Poetry)（3）山水田园诗）山水田园诗(Pastoral poetry)（4）战争诗）战争诗(Poetry of war)（5）行旅诗）行旅诗(Poetry of travelling)（6）闺怨诗）闺怨诗(Poetry of boudoir rep
4、inings )（7）送别诗）送别诗(Farewell poetry)4按照作品内容的表达方式按照作品内容的表达方式(Ways of expression)（1）叙事诗叙事诗：诗中有比较完整的故事情节和人物形象，通常以诗诗中有比较完整的故事情节和人物形象，通常以诗人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表现。人满怀激情的歌唱方式来表现。Narrative poems:complete plot and characters （2）抒情诗抒情诗：主要通过直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会生活，主要通过直接抒发诗人的思想感情来反映社会生活，不要求描述完整的故事情节和人物形象。如，情歌、颂歌、哀歌、挽不要求描述完整的故
5、事情节和人物形象。如，情歌、颂歌、哀歌、挽歌、牧歌和讽刺诗。歌、牧歌和讽刺诗。Lyrics:full release of the poets emotion当然，叙事和抒情也不是绝然分割的当然，叙事和抒情也不是绝然分割的。Sometimes they two are interwoven.5（1）格律诗格律诗：是按照一定格式和规则写成的诗歌。它对诗的行数、诗句是按照一定格式和规则写成的诗歌。它对诗的行数、诗句的字数（或音节）、声调音韵、词语对仗、句式排列等有严格规定，的字数（或音节）、声调音韵、词语对仗、句式排列等有严格规定，Metrical poetry:strict requiremen
6、ts on form,rhyme,number of character and lines,sentence pattern,etc.（2）自由诗自由诗：不受格律限制，无固定格式，注重自然的、内在的节奏，不受格律限制，无固定格式，注重自然的、内在的节奏，押大致相近的韵或不押韵，字数、行数、句式、音调都比较自由，语押大致相近的韵或不押韵，字数、行数、句式、音调都比较自由，语言比较通俗。言比较通俗。Free verse:free form and popular language（3）散文诗散文诗：兼有散文和诗的特点。作品中有诗的意境和激情，常常富兼有散文和诗的特点。作品中有诗的意境和激情，常常
7、富有哲理，注重自然的节奏感和音乐美，篇幅短小，像散文一样不分行，有哲理，注重自然的节奏感和音乐美，篇幅短小，像散文一样不分行，不押韵，如，鲁迅的不押韵，如，鲁迅的野草野草。Prose poetry:a mixture of characteristics of prose and poetry61.意境。意境本身是一种抽象的艺术形态，但这种抽象的形态，却能够表达出诗歌的本质甚至灵魂。The artistic conception.Artistic conception is a kind of abstract art form,but this kind of abstract form,c
8、an express the poetry is the essence and soul.72.诗歌的形式。准确的说，诗歌的形式包括其内部的韵律以及外部的形 式，韵律就像是诗歌的声音，是诗歌的音乐特征；而外部形式就像是诗歌的外衣，是诗歌区别于其他文学作品的一个重要特点。In the form of poetry.To be exact,in the form of poetry,including its internal and external forms of rhythm,rhythm sounds like poetry,music features poetry;while th
9、e outer coat is like a form of poetry is a poetry different from other literary works important characteristics.8赋：是直接陈述事物的表现手法。赋：是直接陈述事物的表现手法。Fu,to narrate things directly比：是用比喻的方法描绘事物，表达思想感情。如，比：是用比喻的方法描绘事物，表达思想感情。如，诗诗经经中的中的螽斯螽斯硕鼠硕鼠等篇。等篇。Bi,to dipict things with figures of speech 兴：是托物起兴，即借某一事物开头来
10、引起正题要描述的兴：是托物起兴，即借某一事物开头来引起正题要描述的事物和表现思想感情的写法。如事物和表现思想感情的写法。如诗经诗经中的中的关雎关雎桃夭桃夭等篇。等篇。Xing,to start a topic by borrowing something else 比拟比拟Metaphor&personification夸张夸张HyperboleEg:“飞流直下飞流直下三千三千尺，疑是银河落尺，疑是银河落九天九天”Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high As if the Silver River fell from the
11、blue sky 借代借代Metonymy94.特殊的含义特殊的含义Unique meaningEg:李商隐：春蚕到死李商隐：春蚕到死丝丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。（“丝丝”通通“思思”：death&heartbeat）刘禹锡刘禹锡竹枝词竹枝词:杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无日出西边雨，道是无晴晴却有却有晴晴.（“晴晴”通通“情情”：sunny&love）The English translation could only gain one meaning and lose the other.英语里只能二者择其一，
12、无法像原文一般一箭双雕。英语里只能二者择其一，无法像原文一般一箭双雕。5.特殊的字与声的组合特殊的字与声的组合Unique combination of character and sound李清照李清照声声慢声声慢:“:“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”And so onAnd so on10 古诗词翻译的“三美”原则.佳译需要传达原诗的“意美”、“音美”和“形美”，能使读诗的外国读者能够从译作中获得尽可能与本国读者一样多的共鸣和美的享受。应该注意的是，音、形、意“三美”并非鼎足三分。在三者不可兼得的情况下，我们主张首先考虑保存原诗的意美，其次保存音美，再次
13、是形美。11Ancient poems translated Three Beauties principle.Good translation should convey the original poem meaning beauty,sound beauty and form beauty“,can make the foreign readers to read poetry from translation their readers as much as possible to understand and enjoy the beauty.It should be noted,s
14、ound,shape,meaning Three Beauties is not three rival powers.In the case of the three can not have both,we advocate the first consider keep the original poem meaning beauty,second to save sound beauty,form beauty is again.12天净沙天净沙 秋思秋思 Autumn ThinkingAutumn Thinking-to the tune of Sky Scours Sand-to
15、the tune of Sky Scours Sand马致远马致远by Ma Zhiyuanby Ma Zhiyuan枯藤老树昏鸦。枯藤老树昏鸦。Sear vines,old trees and crows in twilight.Sear vines,old trees and crows in twilight.小桥流水人家。小桥流水人家。A small bridge,flowing water and cottages in sight.A small bridge,flowing water and cottages in sight.古道西风瘦马。古道西风瘦马。An ancient
16、rood,a lean horse in the westerly wind.An ancient rood,a lean horse in the westerly wind.夕阳西下，夕阳西下，The westering sun down wend,The westering sun down wend,断肠人在天涯。断肠人在天涯。A heart-broken man is at heavens end.A heart-broken man is at heavens end.13王维的鸟鸣涧 人闲桂花落，夜静春山空。月出惊山鸟，时鸣春涧中。译文 1：Bird-Chirpping Holl
17、ow Bird-Chirpping Hollow The light beams of the moon on the earth softly The light beams of the moon on the earth softly rain,The night is quiet,the spring mount rain,The night is quiet,the spring mount empty,The moons up-rise the birds doth frighten empty,The moons up-rise the birds doth frighten T
18、o cry now and then in the springtide hollow.To cry now and then in the springtide hollow.译文译文 2 2：The Dale of Singing Birds The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyedI hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed；When When night comes,hills dissolve in the void.The rising night comes,h
19、ills dissolve in the void.The rising moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring.the dale with spring.译文译文 3 3：Bird-Singing Stream Bird-Singing Stream Man at leisure.Cassia flowers fall.Quiet night.Man at leisure.Ca
20、ssia flowers fall.Quiet night.Spring mountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles-a Spring mountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles-a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.14Three versions of the translations have their Three versions of the
21、translations have their advantages,but the best translation 3.Choose the advantages,but the best translation 3.Choose the amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to amount and terms of stylistic translation from 1 to 3 translations,fewer and fewer words,the body 3 translations,fewer and few
22、er words,the body language,asked three simple and plain,the most language,asked three simple and plain,the most faithful to the original poem.2 more consistent faithful to the original poem.2 more consistent with the translation of a translation,both for bird with the translation of a translation,bo
23、th for bird word translation are complex.The translation was word translation are complex.The translation was alone choose three singular form,so that it better alone choose three singular form,so that it better translation of the original poem translated creating translation of the original poem tr
24、anslated creating tranquil mood.Such exhibits better mood poetry.tranquil mood.Such exhibits better mood poetry.三个版本的译文，各有优点，但以译文三个版本的译文，各有优点，但以译文3 3最好。用词多寡和语体的选最好。用词多寡和语体的选择择 从译文从译文1 1到译文到译文3 3，用词愈来愈少，语体上，译文，用词愈来愈少，语体上，译文3 3简洁朴素，最为简洁朴素，最为忠实原诗。译文忠实原诗。译文1 1与译文与译文2 2比较一致，两者对比较一致，两者对“鸟鸟”字的译法均为复数。字的译法均为
25、复数。而译文三却独自选择单数形式，这样它的译文较好地译出了原诗创造而译文三却独自选择单数形式，这样它的译文较好地译出了原诗创造的静谧的意境。这样更能表现出诗歌的意境。的静谧的意境。这样更能表现出诗歌的意境。15语义对等翻译语义对等翻译。语义对等是指在译文的句法和语义规范允许的范围内再现语义对等是指在译文的句法和语义规范允许的范围内再现原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含义原文作者在特定的上下文中所表达的确切含义,因此译者因此译者应从多方面考虑叠字的词义应从多方面考虑叠字的词义,选择与汉语对应的英语词汇选择与汉语对应的英语词汇.Eg:1.Eg:1.若叠字具有若叠字具有“每每”的意思时的意思时,
26、英语可译成英语可译成each,each,every every 等词若不强调等词若不强调“每一个每一个”,可用复数形式来译。可用复数形式来译。如：夜夜相思更汤残。韦庄如：夜夜相思更汤残。韦庄洗溪沙洗溪沙each night I long each night I long for you till the water clock the fades.for you till the water clock the fades.许渊冲译许渊冲译2.2.运用拟声词和颜色词。如运用拟声词和颜色词。如车挤麟车挤麟,马萧萧。杜甫马萧萧。杜甫兵车行兵车行Chariots rumble,and hordes
27、 grumble.Chariots rumble,and hordes grumble.许渊冲译许渊冲译163.3.运用动词。运用动词。思悠悠思悠悠,恨悠悠恨悠悠,恨到何时方始休。白居易恨到何时方始休。白居易长相思长相思My thought stretches endlessly;my grief wretches My thought stretches endlessly;my grief wretches endlessly.endlessly.Oh,when will my beloved come back to me?Oh,when will my beloved come bac
28、k to me?许渊冲译许渊冲译“悠悠悠悠”指无穷无尽的样子指无穷无尽的样子,在这里是在这里是名词做动词用名词做动词用,与上一行的动词形成对与上一行的动词形成对仗仗,勾画出一位闺中少妇倚楼眺望勾画出一位闺中少妇倚楼眺望,思念久别未归思念久别未归的丈夫的情景的丈夫的情景17 语用对等翻译语用对等翻译。具体地说具体地说,就是在词汇、语法、语义等就是在词汇、语法、语义等语言学的不同层次上语言学的不同层次上,不拘泥于原文的形式不拘泥于原文的形式,只求保存原作只求保存原作的内容的内容,用译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表用译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表达出来达出来,以求等效。以求等效
29、。Eg:Eg:十年生死两茫茫。苏轼十年生死两茫茫。苏轼江城子江城子Ten years parted one living,one dead.(Ten years parted one living,one dead.(杨宪益、戴乃迭杨宪益、戴乃迭译译)通过英语中的押韵体现重复通过英语中的押韵体现重复。欲去又依依欲去又依依 韦庄韦庄女冠子女冠子youd go away but stop to stay.youd go away but stop to stay.许渊冲译许渊冲译以和译以和译“依依依依”,这两个词都以这两个词都以音开头音开头,押头韵押头韵,再现了双声叠韵再现了双声叠韵,起到了加强节
30、起到了加强节奏、渲染气氛的作用读者似乎可以感觉到诗中人奏、渲染气氛的作用读者似乎可以感觉到诗中人物那种留恋徘徊、不忍分离的心理状态使整个句子读起来音物那种留恋徘徊、不忍分离的心理状态使整个句子读起来音韵十分优美。韵十分优美。18 总结总结Conclusion形式上的变通 flexbility in form思想感情的融通 emotional accomodation 深层文化上的沟通 cultural communication19上邪！上邪！我欲与君相知长命无决衰山无棱江水为竭冬雷震震夏雨雪天地合乃敢与君绝The PledgeOh heaven high!I will love himFor
31、ever till I die.Till mountains crumble,Rivers run dry.In winter thunder rumbles,In summer snow fall far and high.And the earth mingle with the skies,Not till then will my love die.20见与不见见与不见 仓英嘉措仓英嘉措你见，或者不见我你见，或者不见我 Its doesnt matter if you see me or not Its doesnt matter if you see me or not 我就在那里我
32、就在那里 I am standing right there I am standing right there 不悲不喜不悲不喜 With no emotion With no emotion 你念，或者不念我你念，或者不念我 Its doesnt matter if you miss me or Its doesnt matter if you miss me or not not 情就在那里情就在那里 The feeling is right there The feeling is right there 不来不去不来不去 And it isnt going anywhere And
33、it isnt going anywhere 你爱或者不爱我你爱或者不爱我 Its doesnt matter if you love me or Its doesnt matter if you love me or not not 爱就在那里爱就在那里 Love is right there Love is right there 不增不减不增不减 It is not going to change It is not going to change 你跟，或者不跟我你跟，或者不跟我 Its doesnt matter if you are with me or not Its doesn
34、t matter if you are with me or not 我的手就在你的手里我的手就在你的手里 My hand is in your hand My hand is in your hand 不舍不弃不舍不弃 And I am not going to let go And I am not going to let go 来我怀里来我怀里 Let me embrace you Let me embrace you 或者或者 or or 让我住进你的心里让我住进你的心里 Let me live in your heart to entirely Let me live in you
35、r heart to entirely 默然相爱默然相爱 Silence Love Silence Love 寂静喜欢寂静喜欢 Calmness JoyCalmness Joy21 那榆阴下的一潭，不是清泉，是天上虹 揉碎在浮藻间，沉淀着彩虹似的梦。寻梦？撑一支长篙，向青草更青处漫溯，满载一船星辉，在星辉斑斓里放歌。但我不能放歌,悄悄是别离的笙箫；夏虫也为我沉默，沉默是今晚的康桥！悄悄的我走了，正如我悄悄的来；我挥一挥衣袖，不带走一片云彩.22 Goodbye Again,Cambridge!I leave softly,gently,Exactly as I came.I wave to t
36、he western sky,Telling it goodbye softly,gently.The golden willow at the river edge Is the setting suns bride.Her quivering reflection Stays fixed in my mind.Green grass on the bank Dances on a watery floor In bright reflection.I wish myself a bit of waterweed Vibrating to the ripple.Of the River Ca
37、m.That creek in the shade of the great elms Is not a creek but a shattered rainbow,Printed on the water And inlaid with duckweed,It is my lost dream.Hunting a dream?Wielding a long punting pole I get my boat into green water,Into still greener grass.In a flood of starlight On a river of silver and d
38、iamond I sing to my hearts content.But now,no,I cannot sing With farewell in my heart.Farewells must be quiet,mute,Even the summer insects are silent,Knowing I am leaving.The Cambridge night is soundless.I leave quietly As I came quietly.I am leaving Without taking so much As a piece of cloud.But wi
39、th a quick jerk of my sleave I wave goodbye.23英语诗歌的特点（1）语言的音韵美和节奏感押韵是诗体与其它文体的最大区别之一。英文诗常用的韵有头韵，与汉语的双声相似；腹韵，（如sweet与sleep）；尾韵。诗歌其有规律的轻重抑扬变化，构成了诗的节奏美。24（2）破格与变异诗人为了适应节奏格律的需要，可以使用一些特殊的缩略形式（如tis=it is,oer=over），以减少音节数；还可以调整词序、主谓倒置、动宾倒置等。这些就是具表现力的破格。变异是对语言常规的有意偏离，是诗人寻新求异的一种手法，是对语言的创造性的使用。变异可以发生在诗歌语言的各个层面
40、上，如语音、拼写、词汇、语法、诗式等。诗在语音上的变异主要表现在单词的某些音节的省略、重音甚至整个发音的改变。25（3）词句的重复与修辞格的广泛运用诗歌中常重复一些词句或诗行，用以抒发真挚深沉的情感，或是用以渲染某种气氛（如回环往复的缠绵），或是用以增强诗的歌唱性。诗歌中又大量运用修辞格，尤是是各种各样的明喻、暗喻、比拟用得最多。26（4）丰富的意象与象征所谓意象，是指那些可以引起人的感官反应的具体形象和画面，分为视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉、动觉、通联等。这些意象不仅唤起人们的某种体验，更常常具有鲜明或隐晦的象征意义，是许多优秀诗篇所具有的共性。27You say that you love
41、 rain,but you open your umbrella when it rains.You say that you love the sun,but you find a shadow spot when the sun shines.You say that you love the wind,but you close your windows when wind blows.This is why I am afraid,because you say that you love me too.”28普通版 你说你喜欢雨，但是下雨的时候你却撑开了伞；你说你喜欢阳光，但当阳光播
42、撒的时候，你却躲在阴凉之地；你说你喜欢风，但清风扑面的时候，你却关上了窗户。我害怕你对我也是如此之爱。29女汉子版 你有本事爱雨天，你有本事别打伞啊；你有本事爱阳光，你有本事别乘凉啊；你有本事爱吹风，你有本事别关窗啊；你有本事说爱我，你有本事捡肥皂啊！30文艺版 你说烟雨微芒，兰亭远望;后来轻揽婆娑，深遮霓裳。你说春光烂漫，绿袖红香;后来内掩西楼，静立卿旁。你说软风轻拂，醉卧思量;后来紧掩门窗，漫帐成殇。你说情丝柔肠，如何相忘;我却眼波微转，兀自成霜。31诗经版 子言慕雨，启伞避之。子言好阳，寻荫拒之。子言喜风，阖户离之。子言偕老，吾所畏之。32离骚版 君乐雨兮启伞枝，君乐昼兮林蔽日，君乐风兮栏帐起，君乐吾兮吾心噬。33五言诗版 恋雨偏打伞，爱阳却遮凉。风来掩窗扉，叶公惊龙王。片言只语短，相思缱倦长。郎君说爱我，不敢细思量。34七言绝句版 恋雨却怕绣衣湿，喜日偏向树下倚。欲风总把绮窗关，叫奴如何心付伊。35七律压轴版 江南三月雨微茫，罗伞叠烟湿幽香。夏日微醺正可人，却傍佳木趁荫凉。霜风清和更初霁，轻蹙蛾眉锁朱窗。怜卿一片相思意，犹恐流年拆鸳鸯。36
