1、Unit 1 Wish you were hereGrammar and usageNon-restrictive relative clausesShe is a girl.She is pretty.He is a boy.He is handsome.She is a pretty girl.He is a handsome boy.什么是定语？什么是定语？修饰名词或代词的词语或短语RevisionRevision：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。1关系代词：2关系副词：在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。关系代词
2、（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系指人指人指物指物在定语从句中的作用在定语从句中的作用WhoWhomWhichthatwhose主语 宾语宾语主语 宾语主语 宾语定语关系副词的指代关系关系副词的指代关系指地点指原因 指时间在定语从句中的作用wherewhenwhy时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语介词介词+which 原因状语原因状语 I went to a village_ is among the villages.I went to America,_is at the west of China.a)I have a friend who never do
3、homework.b)I have a friend,who never do homework.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句2.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充或描绘作用，如果省略，也不影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。eg:Beijing,which is the capital of China,has a very long history.注意：引导非限制定语从句的关键词不能省略。一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，
4、并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般译成前置定语，意为“的”。eg:A soldier who does not want to be a marshal is not a good soldier.不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。限制 性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上_逗号_逗号意义上去掉后句意_去掉后句意_作用上修饰限制可修饰_补充说明作用可修饰_翻译时译为.的可译为并列句关系词做宾语可以省略可用that 可用who代替whom不可省略不可用that,why(for which)引导不用who代替whom不完整不完整不用不用用用完整完整先行词或主句先
5、行词或主句先行词先行词Distinction关系词关系词所指所指所作成分所作成分关系代词关系代词who指人主语主语whom指人which指代整个主句或主句的一部分主语主语/宾语等宾语等whose指人或指物的定语定语as指代整个主句或主句的一部分主语主语/宾语等宾语等关系副词关系副词when时间名词时间状语时间状语where通常是地点名词地点状语地点状语非限制性定语从句的关系词(1)Beijing,_ is the capital of China,has a very long history.(2)This is New York,_ I have visited for several t
6、imes.(3)He seems not to have grasped what I meant,_ greatly upsets me.(4)He was late again,_ made the teacher very unhappy.1.which引导的非限制性定语从句，其引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词先行词可以是主句中的可以是主句中的某个单某个单词或短语词或短语，也可以是，也可以是整个句子整个句子；which在从句中可作在从句中可作主语、宾语或定主语、宾语或定语等语等，不可省略不可省略。whichwhichwhich which使用非限制性定语从句时的注意事项2.在非限制性定语
7、从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which 前面可以加前面可以加 some/several/a few/many/more/most of 等修饰词等修饰词，表示整体中的部分或所有。，表示整体中的部分或所有。I have many friends,_ are experts.我有许多朋友，其中一些是专家。我有许多朋友，其中一些是专家。I have been to many big cities,_ have left a deep impression on me.我去过很多大城市，所有的都给我留下来深刻的印象。我去过很多大城市，所有的都给我留下来深刻的印象。some of whoma
8、ll of which注意：注意：“名词名词+介词介词of+关系代词关系代词”有时可以用有时可以用“whose+名词名词”或或“of+关系代词关系代词+名词名词”替换。替换。whose+n.(人人/物物)=the+n.+of whom/which =of whom/which+the+n.那幢楼房曾经被整修过，但在一场大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。那幢楼房曾经被整修过，但在一场大火中，楼顶又被烧毁了。The building had been repaired,_ was destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired,_ w
9、as destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired,_ was destroyed again in a big fire.the roof of whichof which the roofwhose roof (1)The car,_ I paid a lot of money,is now out of date.(2)I suggest you go to a specialist,_ you can get answers to most of your questions.(3)In the dark st
10、reet,there wasnt a single person,_ she could turn for help.(4)In this chapter,one of our problems is to discover the principles _ these tests are based.介词介词+关系代词关系代词也可引导也可引导非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句，但在这种定语从句中，但在这种定语从句中，介词通常前置介词通常前置，关系代词也不可省略关系代词也不可省略。(指物：指物：which;指人：指人：whom)for whichfrom whomon whichto whom
11、注意事项：关系代词前注意事项：关系代词前介词介词的确定的确定(1).依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。I bought a great many books,I spent all my money that I saved.(2).依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来进行。Ill never forget the time I spent my childhood in the country.(3).根据所表达的意思来确定。The colorless gas we cannot live is called oxygen.on whichduring whichwithout which3.a
12、s 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是整个主句整个主句或或主句的一部分主句的一部分。as引导的从句可引导的从句可以置于以置于主句前、主句中或主句后主句前、主句中或主句后。as是关系词中是关系词中唯一可以置于句首唯一可以置于句首的关系词的关系词。eg.Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。1.固定句型：固定句型：The same.as;such.as;so as;as asI shall do it in the same way as you did.I w
13、ant to buy such a book as you have.He is not such a person as I expected.2.当先行词为整个句子时，常当先行词为整个句子时，常译为译为“正如正如”、“正像正像”As we all know众所周知众所周知 As is known to all 众所周知众所周知As is said above,.如上所述如上所述 As is often the case,.情况常常如此情况常常如此As is reported in the newspaper,.正如报纸报道的那样正如报纸报道的那样as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别关
14、系代词意义从句位置as正如，就像可位于句首、句中或句末which这一点，这/那一般位于主句之后“非限定”使用说明书 1.从句中所有的关系词都_省略 2.从句不能用_引导 3.在“非限定”中,指人的关系代词作宾语时，_,不能用who替换,也不能省略。4.从句_引导，要用_ 代替why 5.从句置于句首时,不能用_引导;而用 _引导(as 可放主句前,中，也可放主句后)Conclusion不可that只能用宾格whom不能用whyfor whichwhichas Find the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses(P6)Work out
15、 the rules on Page 6.1.We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add extra information to a noun,pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause.A comma is usually used to separate the adding clause and the main clause.Exploring the rules2.We usually introduce a non-restrictive
16、relative clause with a relative pronoun like who,whom,which and whose or a relative adverb like when and where.The relative pronoun or adverb cannot be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.3.We can use which in a non-restrictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.My pare
17、nts went on a tour of Japan with 20 people,some of whom had never been abroad before.My favorite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai,where my grandma was born.Dr Luo,who is an expert in Chinese history,will give us a tour of Beijing.Id rather visit Europe in summer,when the weather is at its best.Im reading a guidebook to Rome,which is really fascinating and helpful.cadb
