1、Appositive clausesAppositive clauses同位语从句同位语从句Unit4 Grammar and usageUnit4 Grammar and usageContent Definition .Usage .Distinction .Practice .Definition定义定义 1.同位语同位语 一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语同位语。2.分类分类 名词（短语）代词 从句都可以充都可以充当同位语当同位语本课重点：本课重点：从句从句充当同位语充当同位语 1.Your brother,a nice tea
2、cher,is teaching geography.2.My father will go and see it himself.3.My friends all understand me.4.I got a feeling that one day he will be famous.5.We Chinese people are determined and hard-working.名词短语名词短语代词代词代词代词从句从句名词短语名词短语 同位语从句同位语从句指在复合句中充当指在复合句中充当同位语的从句，属于名词性从同位语的从句，属于名词性从句的范畴。同位语从句用来句的范畴。同位语从
3、句用来对对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明明，被解释说明的词和同位语，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是在逻辑上是主表关系主表关系（即被解（即被解释说明的词释说明的词=同位语）。同位语）。e.g.The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让姐妹俩感到吃惊。抽象名词抽象名词同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句即重复说明同同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句一个称谓或事件的从句.Usage用法用法 1.可以跟同位语从句的可以跟同位语
4、从句的名词通常有：名词通常有：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word,possibility,decision （一般的（一般的“抽象抽象”名词都可名词都可用）。用）。e.g.He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋
5、就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。.Usage用法用法 2.先行词先行词 定语从句的先行词是名词或定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而代词；而同位语从句的先行同位语从句的先行词只能是名词词只能是名词，而且仅限于，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。等少数名词。The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard w
6、ill succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句3.引导词引导词 引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。连词that，whether连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which连接副词when,where,how,why连词that和whether的用法 that连接从句时从句为一个句意
7、完整的陈述句。that不能省略，没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用没有具体的意思，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。【注意1】在某些名词（demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气虚拟语气 e.g.There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.连词that和whether的用法 whether引导引导（注：）e.g.The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by
8、 the family doctor.我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。连接代词的用法 连接代词连接代词what,who,whom,whose,which，引导同位语从句，引导同位语从句，同位语从句缺主要成分同位语从句缺主要成分。（1）I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）（2）The question who will take his place is still not clear.（who作主语）连接副词的用法 连接副词连接副词when,w
9、here,how,why引导同位语从句，从句缺引导同位语从句，从句缺状语。状语。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。.Distinction（定语从句与同位语从句的区别）同位语从句同位语从句 先行词为名词且是抽象名词。The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody 定语从句定语从句 先行词是名词和代词。抽象名词和具体名词都可以充当其先行词。The boy w
10、ho is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed1.先行词不同先行词不同.Distinction（定语从句与同位语从句的区别）同位语从句同位语从句 同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号。We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。定语从句定语从句 定语从句是限制或修饰所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。We are glad at the news that he to
11、ld us.听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。（2.意义不同意义不同.Distinction（定语从句与同位语从句的区别）3.引导词不同引导词不同类型类型功能功能what,how,whateverwhat,how,whatever 等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句。.连词.连接代词.连接副词.Distinction（定语从句与同位语从句的区别）引导词在功能上的不同引导词在功能上的不同同位语从句同位语从句由连接词that引导，连接词that本身无意义，在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，不可省略不可以用其他词替代；定语从句定语从句由关系代词that引导，关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分，作
12、宾语时可省略.引导词在功能上的不同引导词在功能上的不同由由whenwhen，wherewhere，whywhy引导的引导的 同位语从句和定语从句同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于：的区别在于：同位语从句同位语从句由连接副词由连接副词只起连接作用只起连接作用，没有指代作没有指代作用用；定语从句定语从句由关系副词引导，关系副词由关系副词引导，关系副词具有指代先行具有指代先行词的作用，常用一个介词加关系代词替换词的作用，常用一个介词加关系代词替换。引导词在功能上的不同引导词在功能上的不同whenwhen和和where where 引导定语从句时引导定语从句时，通常，通常只修饰表示时只修饰表示时间和地点的
13、名词间和地点的名词；它们引导同位语从句时它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如却不一定；又如whywhy引导定语引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词从句，它通常只修饰名词the reasonthe reason，而它引导同，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定位语从句时则不一定。.Practice .1.We have no doubt that UNESCO is trying to protect the heritage sites.2.This was the clue that helped the police find the man who had destroyed the ancient s
14、tatues.3.Many people do not know the reason why this heritage site is threatened.4.There is no question that we should protect our shared heritagewe simply have to.5.I want to plan my trip but I have no idea when the temples will open.Read the sentences below and tick the ones with appositive clause
15、s.Chris:Sorry to interrupt you,Miss Ma.Im writing an article about UNESCOs work on heritage preservation.Can you tell me something about it?Miss Ma:Sure.In 1972,the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO.Chris:B
16、ut Ive heard some people have serious doubts(1)_ the World Heritage Convention really helps.Miss Ma:Sure,it does.It links the concepts of nature conservation and the preservation of cultural properties together.Apart from the Convention,the World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and passed
17、 the motion(2)_ we should protect our cultural and natural heritage sites.Complete the conversation below with proper linking words to form appositive clauses.Complete the conversation below with proper linking words to form appositive clauses.Chris:I see.Can you tell me what the World Heritage Comm
18、ittee does?Miss Ma:Of course.For example,it votes to determine which sites are to be listed as UNESCO heritage sites and monitors the state of conservation.Chris:Thats amazing.Is China one of the UNESCO States Parties?Miss Ma:Yes.Do you have any idea(3)_ Chinese properties are on the World Heritage
19、List?Chris:Yes,more than 50 now.For example,the Grand Canal,the worlds longest and oldest canal,was on the list in 2014.Ive heard the news(4)_ certain heritage sites in China are under threat.Miss Ma:Youre right.The proposal(5)_ we should raise public awareness of heritage protection is worth considering.
