1、牛津译林版八年级英语上册第五单元知识点归纳一、单词:烤过的空间不受欢迎的软体虫海鸥政府不正确的包括麻雀濒于灭绝的不平常的防止燕子旅行者不能的暴风雪北方的重要性垃圾洪水南方的重要的返回厘米东方的积极地安静地千米西方的潮湿的温柔的度数宽大的礼貌温柔地等于大自然无礼的生气的美元提供规则的生气地因此栖息处不规则的清楚的百分之野生生物不诚实的喧闹的申请舒适的不必要的喧闹地表格舒适地正确的令人满意地出生周而复始的正确地轻柔地地址然而普通的问候爱好容易地不可能的吓唬简朴的罕见的不友好的使。落下简直二、 词组或短语序号ChineseEnglish1去观鸟go birdwatching2在市场at the ma
2、rket3在入口处at the entrance (to)4一个自然保护区a nature reserve5在中国东北in north-east China = in the northeast of China6世界上最重要的湿地之一one of the worlds most important wetlands=one of the most important wetlands in the world7一年到头；终年all (the) year round = the whole year8提供某物给某人provide sth. for sb. = provide sb. with
3、sth.9一个生活区a living area10为某人/某物让出空间make space/room for sb./sth.11去那儿作短暂的逗留go there for a short stay= stay there for a short time12数鸟do a bird count13一年一次（提问）once a year ( how often )14研究不同种类的鸟study the different kinds of birds15它们在数量上的变化the changes in their numbers16明白湿地的重要性Understand the importance
4、 of wetlands17濒临灭绝的（处于危险状态的）in a dangerous state = endangered18一个受到保护的地区/地方a protected area19走很长的路walk a long way20采取措施做某事take actions to do sth.21让某人做某事（使役动词用法）make sb. do sth.22返回come/go back = return回到学校come/go back to school = return to school23许多（后接复数名词）a (large) number of = many的数目（单数）the numb
5、er of24一个申请表an application form25愉快地向我们打招呼greet us pleasantly26把某物忘/留在某地leave sth. sw.把垃圾留在那儿leave litter there27乱扔垃圾drop litter carelessly28有.的面积have an area of .29阻止某人做某事prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.=keep sb. from doing sth.30记笔记take notes31加入观鸟俱乐部的申请application to join the Birdwatching Club3
6、2成为的一个成员/加入become a member of = join33对做某事感兴趣be interested in doing sth.34迫不及待地做某事cant wait to do sth. = cant wait for sth.35来参加俱乐部活动come to club activities36对别人有礼貌show good manners to others37在观看（鸟）期间during the watch38例如for example = e.g.39密切观察鸟Watch the birds closely40兴趣和爱好interests and hobbies41防
7、止洪水（防洪）prevent flood42一个不同种类植物的理想家园an ideal home for different kinds of plants43越来越少的空间less and less space越来越少的鸟类Fewer and fewer birds44处于危险之中Be in danger45保护濒于灭绝的鸟Protect the endangered birds46发现关于野生生物文章的有趣find the article on wildlife interesting47用.号码打电话给某人Call sb on48用.地址给某人电子邮件e-mail sb at三、 重点句
8、子及句型：1. The science teacher encourages them to join the Birdwatching Club to get more information.2. The area provides food and shelter for them.=The area provides them with food and shelter . 3. More and more birds are in danger because they do not have enough space.4. Some people want to change th
9、e wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings.5. This means there will be less and less space for the wildlife.6. Many birds live comfortably in Zhalong Nature Reserve all year round , while some only stay there for a short time.7. This year ，members of our Birdwatching Club are going to stu
10、dy the different kinds of birds and the changes in their numbers.8. We hope this information will help them understand and make them actively take actions to protect wildlife.9. We need more people to help us count and do something to help the birds .10. Studying Zhalong helps us learn about protect
11、ing wildlife.11. The sun shone brightly as we got on the school bus .12. He also told us to walk softly and not to frighten the birds .13. It has an area of more than 210,000 hectares. = It is over 210,000 hectares in area.14. Zhalong is the home of a lot of plants and animals, including different k
12、inds of birds. 15. I think it is important for me to do something to protect birds.16. It is important for you to write your reports clearly .17. I will be very happy if I can become a member of your club .18. You can call me on 010-5558 6390 or e-mail me at amy.19. They simply cant wait for the par
13、ty next week.1. 科学老师们鼓励他们加入鸡鸟俱乐部来了解更多关于鸟的信息中心2. 这个地区为他们提供食物和栖息地。3. 越来越多的你啊处于危险之中因为他们没有足够的空间。4. 一些人改变湿地为房子和农地制造更多空间。5. 这就意味着将由越来越少的空间留给野生动物。6. 许多种类的鸟一整年舒服地在野外生活，而有些仅作短暂停留。7. 今年，观鸟俱乐部的成员打算研究鸟的不同种类以及数量上的变化。8. 我们希望这个信息将帮助他们明白并积极地采取行动来保护鸟。9. 我们需要更多的人帮助我们数和采取措施帮助鸟。10. 研究扎龙帮助我们了解关于保护野生动物。11. 阳光明亮的照耀当我们登上汽车
14、的时候。12. 他也叫我们轻轻走并且不要吓着鸟。13. 它的面积超过21万公顷。14. 扎龙是许多不同种类植物和动物的家，包括不同种类的鸟。15. 我认为对于我来说采取措施保护鸟非常重要。16. 将报告写清晰对你来说很重要。17. 如果我能成为你俱乐部的一员我将会很高兴18. 你可以用010-5558 6390打电话给我，或者用这个地址amy给我发电子邮件。19. 他们简直迫不及待下周的演出四、 语法：1、表示将来动作的不同方式比较：(1) 现在进行时表将来一般是表示位移的动词可以用现在进行时表将来。如：come, go, leave, drive, fly, start, arrive,mo
15、ve, stay, get, take, bring, have现在进行时表将来：表示近期的，事先已经计划安排好的- How are you getting to the airport?- By taxi. Bob is coming with me to the airport.(2) will do 和 shall do表将来 表客观将来。shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。I will / shall finish middle school next month. 表有科学根据的预测。The weather report says it will rain tomo
16、rrow. 表客观必然。Man will make mistakes.(3) be going to表将来 表现在打算在近期或将来要做某事。Im going to finish my homework tonight. 表根据已有迹象的预测。Its so dark outside, I think its going to rain. be going to不与come, go连用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.(4)be to do表将来 表计划、安排、规定要做的事，有时表示义务、责任：The meetin
17、g is to be held at 9:00 a. m. You are to come before 10:00 a.m. tomorrow.(5)一般现在时表将来表示根据规定、时间表或计划进行的动作或事情，一般不容易发生改变。如飞机起飞时间，公共汽车出发时间，电影开始时间，毕业时间等，通常有表示将来的时间作状语：Our plane leaves at 6:00 a. m. . He retires next monthThe term starts on September 1stThe train leaves at 7：30 this evening火车今晚7：30发车。此外在条件状
18、语从句和时间状语从句中表用一般现在时将来：I will visit the temple if I have timeIll write to you as soon as I arrive there(6)be about to do 表将来表示此刻即将、正将要发生的动作，常与when引导的从句搭配：He was about to leave when the telephone rang. 2、形容词的否定构成 （加前缀dis, un, im, in, ir 等） uncomfortable unhappy unnecessary unimportant unfriendly unwelc
19、ome unable dishonest irregular impossible incorrect否定形式规律例词中文释义dis-dishonest不诚实的im-在字母p, m, b前，初中英语主要在字母p前impoliteimpossibleimpatient不礼貌的不可能的不耐烦的in-incorrectinactive不正确的不活跃的ir-在字母r前irregular不规则的-lessuselesscarelesshomelesshopelessendless无用的粗心的无家可归的没有希望的无尽的un-(大多数形容词否定前缀都是以un-开头）unimportantunpopularu
20、ncomfortableunnecessaryunhappyunwelcomeuncommonunableunfriendlyunhealthyunsafeunfairunusual不重要的不流行的不舒适的不必要的不开心的不受欢迎的，讨厌的不普通的不能的不友好的不健康的不安全的不公平的 不同寻常的特别提醒：初中阶段，形容词否定前缀大多以un-构成，除去少数几个以-less否定后缀结尾外，不是以un-否定前缀构成的形容词基本上只有7个。 即上表中以dis-, im-, in-, ir-开头的七个例词。换言之，如果把这七个词烂熟于心，那么记忆形容词否定前缀就将事半功倍。以un-开头的形容词其前面的
21、冠词用的是an。例如：an unusual boy。dis-否定前缀除了形容词dishonest外，还常常用在动词前构成否定形式，如dislike, disagree, disappear等。用所给单词的适当形式填空：1. You will be_ (able) to pass the exam if you dont study hard.2. There are lots of _ (common) kinds of birds in Zhalong. Many people like to go birdwatching there.3. It is _ (necessary) for
22、you to walk the little dog once a week to the park.4. It is _ (important) to keep quiet when you watch the birds and insects.5. He feels _(happy) because he lost his wallet.6. There is a _ (regular) rain in Sahara desert every year.7. Is it _(possible) to get to the city by train?8. Some people are
23、_ ( friendly) to birds. They throw stones to them.9. Some people feel _ (happy) that government give poor people such small and _(comfortable) flats.10. It is _ (safe) to walk on the street at night.11. We should keep students staying away from the _ (healthy) books.12. These trainers are too small.
24、 They are _(comfortable) to wear.13. If someone does not show good manners to others, he is _(polite). 14. Jim never tells lies and he is an _ (honest) boy.15. This girl is so _(care) that she often makes mistakes in her homework. 江苏13城市中考试题汇编1. Its _(friendly) of him to say such bad words to his cl
25、assmates. (08常州)2. Dont get _(patient) about your personal trouble. (08无锡)3. He seemed _(friend) at first, but now Ive got to know him and I realize hes warm and kind. (08徐州)4. If someone doesnt show good manners to others, he or she is _(polite). (08宿迁)5. Its so _(不公平的)! Mary gets more money for le
26、ss work. (09镇江)6. The basketball team was _(luck) to lose in the final minute of the game. (09徐州)7. In some ways, the space shuttles travel fast, but the journey to Mars may be very_(comfortable). (09泰州)8. its _(possible) for us to finish so much work within so little time. We need help.(2010南通)9. S
27、imon is such a _(honest) person that no one believes him. (2010扬州)10. Dont be _(patient)! You should listen to what he is saying first. (2010常州)11. It is _(possible) for me to design the poster without your help. (2010泰州)12. its not easy for those superstars to face _(无穷无尽的)interviews and doubts.(20
28、10镇江)3、句子的成分及句子结构一、 句子的成分在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语等（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist.陈同志是著名的科学家。（名词作主语）2. He reads newspapers every day .他每天读报。（代词作主语）3. Smoking is harmful to the health .吸烟对健康有害。（动名词作主语）4.
29、 To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure .在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。（不定式作主语）5. What we shall do next is not yet decided .下一步我们做什么还没定下来。（主语从句作主语）（二）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：His parents are teachers .（系动词和表语一起作谓语）We study hard . （行为动词作谓语）We have finished reading th
30、e book.（助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English .（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）（三）宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。She is doing her homework now. （名词作宾语）She said （that）she felt sick. （宾语从句做动词宾语）We often help him. （代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。（不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the
31、 music.我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可做动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语。说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟，如：give , show （给看），bring , pass , buy 等。如1. Ou
32、r teacher told us a story .（us为间接宾语）a story为直接宾语。2. The sun gives us light and warmth.（us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语）3. We sent him a telegram.我们给他打了电报。（him为间接宾语，a telegram为直接宾语）间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下，间接宾语前加“to”的有：give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , leave （留
33、给）, hand （交给）, tell , return , write , throw （仍）promise（答应）refuse（拒绝）等。for的有：make , buy , do , get , play （演奏）,order （命令）,sing , pay （为交钱）例如：（1）I gave him a book.改成：I gave a book to him.（2）He passed me the book. （他将书递给我）改成：He passed the book to me.（3）He wrote me a letter.改成：He wrote a letter to me.（
34、4）He will buy me some books.改成：He will buy some books for me.（5）She made me a cake.改成：She made a cake to me.（ 四）宾语补足语：在某些及物动词后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式，分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:They made her happy . （形容词）I saw her dance. （不定式）Well help make
35、 the Olympics a success. （名词）Please let him in . （副词）We heard her singing a song. （分词短语）（五）表语：表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词，不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：I am a teacher . （名词）He is always happy. （形容词）They are on the playground now. （介词短语）It gets cold. （形容词）系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get（变得），sound（听
36、起来），seem（看起来）feel等特殊的词。如：It sounds interesting. （sound为系动词，interesting为表语）（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：The black bike is mine. （形容词）这辆黑色的自行车是我的。Whats your name ? （代词）They made paper flowers. （名词）说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , somethin
37、g 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语如：I tell him something interesting .我告诉他一些有趣的事情。（形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语）He has something to do .他有一些事情去做（to do 为不定式作后置定语）说明2：短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：The boys in the room are in Class Four.这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方
38、式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully . （副词）We often help him. （副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . （介词短语）When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语二、 句子结构英语五种基本句型列式1.SV例如：I went to school at 7：00. 主 谓 状这一结构中的动词为不及物动词，其后没有宾语,后
39、面可以跟副词、介词短语做状语。go, live, die, talk, swim, stay, 用以上词语造句（肯定，否定，疑问）Examples:1).We go to school everyday. 2).I live in Xiangyang District now. 3).My love for you will never die. 4).I want to talk with a foreigner. 5).Jerry can swim well. 6).Mr. Green will stay in China for a year.2.SVP例如：The food smell
40、s delicious. 主 系 表句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示状态；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。如look, sound, become, turn, keep，get For example:1).每个人看起来都不一样。（look） Everyone looks different.2).那听起来很好。（so
41、und） It sounds very good.3).我现在成了一名教师。（become） I have become a teacher.4).她脸红了。（turn） Her face turned red.5).他现在成长得又高又壮。（grow） He grows tall and strong.6).天色渐渐黑了。（get） It is getting dark.3.SVDO例如：He hopes to fly to the moon. 主 谓 宾1)只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词:want，hope，wish，would like，decide，agree，ask，cant wait等
42、；2)只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词：mind，enjoy，keep，finish，admit appreciate avoid consider delay forgive imagine miss practice risk suggest, advise, allow, permit, feel like, give up, be busy doing, cant stand, cant help等；3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语，且有区别的常见动词：remember, forget, stop, go on, try, like, mean, regret4)既能用不定式又能用动名词
43、作宾语，且无区别的常见动词：begin，start，hate等。For example :1).记住在你离开之前把窗子关上。 (还未做)Remember to close the window before you leave.2).我记得关了啊。 (已做过)But I remember closing it3).哦，你忘了关灯了。 (还未做)I see. You forgot to turn off the lights4).我忘了已经写完作业了。 (已做过)I forgot finishing my homework already5).Mary停下来去散步。（stop） Mary stopped to take/have
