1、系动词和助动词一、 动词概述表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。可以分为以下四类：类别例句使用特点行为动词及物动词Love, make后跟宾语不及物动词Go, rise后不跟宾语连系动词Be, look后跟表语助动词Be, have, do, shall, will, did本身没有词义，后跟动词原形或分词，构成疑问句或否定句等情态动词Can, may, mist本身有词义，后跟动词原形，构成谓语二、 连系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词
2、。大致分七种1状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
3、He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall（asleep）, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew
4、 rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）7使役动词：let,have,make 使，让Let /make somebody do sthThe teacher lets/makes them clean th
5、e classroom after school.Make sb/sth adj. The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful.Have somebody do sth 让某人做某事Have sth done 让某物被My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed.有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以用作连系动词。另外be还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同，词义和句型结构也有所不同。例如：Look at the blackboard, please.请
6、看黑板。(look用作实义动词) He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。(look用作连系动词) They are at work.他们在工作。(are用作连系动词) They are working.他们正在工作。(are用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时) 三、 助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。构成时态,语态。 助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如： He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesnt是助动词，无词义
7、；like是主要动词，有词义)1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1） be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。（2）be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work.有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are
8、we to meet?我们要见谁呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。表示义务、责任等，同should。You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。What is to be done?该干什么。表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。
9、Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？What am I to do? 我该怎么办？2、助动词hav
10、e(has, had, having)的用法（1）助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。（2）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。Weve missed the train. Well have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗？-No. We dont have
11、 to.不，不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法（1）构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。（2）加强语气。He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us.一定来看我们。（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-You like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？-Yes , I do.是的，我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。（
12、4）用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。（5）构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless.不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for help.只管来求助。4. 助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如： I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学
13、习英语。 He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。 说明： 在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。） He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。） shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?) shall
14、 he come to see you? 他要不要来看你 (比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你) shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词 表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等5.助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较： What shall I do next week?I
15、 asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了should。） 2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如： He said he would come.他说他要来。 比较： I will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。 变成间接引语，就成了： He said he would come. 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。 系动词专项训练1. What is Mr Wang like? _.A. He is a teacher B. He
16、is old and kindC. He looks like a balloon D. He likes English2. What Mr White said sounds_.A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely3. The poor boy _ blind at the age of three.A. turned B. goes C. became D. went4. When he was a child he_ .A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came tr
17、ue5. His voice_ as if he has a cold.A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems6. This shirt_ as if it is made of cotton.A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems7. He looks _ he hadnt had a good meal for a monthA. that B. as if C. when D. so far8. It _that he was late for the train.A. looks B. turns C. gets D. s
18、eems9. These apples taste_.A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good10. Do you like the shirt? Yes, it _ very soft.A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he_ asleepA. kept B. got C. fell D. fall12. When I went home yesterday, it was _ dark.A. going B. getting
19、 C. running D. coming13. Their plan _ to be a perfect one.A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving14. The flowers in the garden _ sweet.A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell15. She_ like her mother in character.A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels16. It_ another fine day tomorrow.A. seems B. prom
20、ises C. appears D. looks17. He _ much younger than he really is.A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns18. You_ very pale. Do you feel sick?A. looked B. look C. looking D. are looked19. His wish to become a driver has _true.A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown20. Her father _a writer.A. turned B.
21、grew C. has turned D. has become助动词专项训练 1.If it is fine tomorrow, we _ a football match. a. have b. will have c. has d. shall has 2.When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. a. will rise b. shall rise c. should rise d.would rise 3.In the past 30 years China _ great advances
22、 in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. a. has made b. have made c. had made d. having made 4.I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work. a. dont/had b. didnt/have c. didnt/had d. dont/have 5._ you think he _ back by dinner time? a. Do/have come b. Did/will have come c. Does/will come
23、 d. Do/will have come 6.He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus. a. was runing b. was running c. were running d. is running 7.No sooner _ he arrived home than he _ to start on another journey. a. has/was asked b. have/were asked c. had/is asked d. had/was asked 8.“_ you give me a room
24、for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel. a. Should b. Can c. Might d. May 9.There are nine of them, so _ get into the car at the same time. a. they may not at all b. all they may not c. they cant all d. all they cant 10.“We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He _ it.” a. mustnt atten
25、d b. cannot have attended c. would have not attended d. neednt have attended 11.“You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, dont you?” “No, officer. I _. This car cant do more than 80.” a. didnt need to be b. may not have been c. couldnt have been d. neednt have been 12.he was a good runner so he
26、 _ escape from the police. a. might b. succeeded to c. would d. was able to 13.If they _, our plan will fall flat. a.are co-operating b. had not co-operated c. wont co-operate d. didnt co-operate 14.I hoped _ my letter. a. her to answer b. that she would answer c. that she answers d. her answering 1
27、5.He _ live in the country than in the city. a. prefers b. likes to c. had better d. would rather 16._ to see a film with us today? a. Did you like b. Would you like c. Will you like d. Have you liked 17.Im sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _ what I did. a. must do b. had to do c. ought to h
28、ave done d. have to do 18.“Time is running out,_?” a. hadnt we better got start b. hadnt we better get start b. hadnt we better get started d. hadnt we better not started 19.No one _ that to his face. a. dares say b. dares saying c. dare say d. dare to say 20.The students in the classroom _ not to m
29、ake so much noise. a. need b. ought c. must d. dare 21.You _ last week if you were really serious about your work. a. ought to come b. ought to be coming c. ought have come d. ought to have come 22.The elephants ought _ hours ago by the keepers. a. to be fed b. to feed c. to being fed d. to have bee
30、n fed 23.“I wonder why theyre late.” “They _ the train.” a. can have missed b. could miss c. may have missed d. might miss 24.“Tom graduated from college at a very young age.” “He _ have been an outstanding student.” a. must b. could c. should d. might 25.You _ the examination again since you had al
31、ready passed it. a. neednt have taken b. didnt need to take c. neednt take d. mustnt take 26.He is really incompetent! The letter _ yesterday. a. should be finished typing b. must be finished typing c. must have finished typing d. should have been finished typing 27.The boy told his father that he w
32、ould rather _ an astronaut. a. become b. to become c. becoming d. became 28.When we reached the station, the train had still not arrived; so we _. a. needed not to hurry b. neednt have hurried c.need not to have hurried d. didnt need to hurry 29.Since your roommate is visiting her family this weeken
33、d,_ you like to have dinner with us tonight? a. will b. wont c. wouldnt d. do 30.He was afraid what he had done _ a disastrous effect on his career. a. might have b. could be c. have been d. shall be 31.He _ hardly say anything more, since you know about it. a. dont need to b. neednt c. needs d. nee
34、d 32.You _ the look on his face when he won the prize. a. would have seen b. should have seen c. must see d. can be seeing 33.Some people think the stock market will crash, but _. a. I wonder if it happens b. I doubt if it will happen c. I am afraid it wouldnt happen d. I doubt if it does happen 34.
35、“Whatever has happened to George?” “I dont know. He _ lost.” a. can have got b. may have got c. might get d. could get 35.He has no idea what the book is about. He _read the book. a. couldnt b. couldnt have c. mightnt have d. shouldnt have 36.New studies show that two of Saturns rings _ longer than
36、the 4.5 billion years since the birth of the Solar System. a. could have lasted b. should have lasted c. would have lasted d. must be lasting 37.Take the telescope with you in case you _ it in your expedition. a. will need b. would need c. should need d. could need 38.Need he come at once? Yes, he _
37、. a. must b. must not c. need d. may 39.Please answer the phone. It _ be by your father. If it is, would you tell that I want to see him? a. will b. should c. would d. could 40.Well never give in whatever they _ say or do. a. may b. will c. shall d. should 41.With all this work on hand, he _ to the
38、cinema last night. a. mustnt go b. wouldnt go c. oughtnt go d. shouldnt have gone 42.Everyone _ the cake because there wasnt even a small piece left. a. must like b. must have liked c. must have been liking d. had liked 43.I wish to recollect where I met her, _? a. would I b. may I c. may not I d. c
39、an I 44.I _ think he will _ dare the risk. a. not/ . b. do/not c. ./not d. dont/. 45.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it _ be active. a. may not b. must c. might d. is not 46.You _ your seats today if you want to go to the game. a. had better to reserve b. had better rese
40、rve c. had to better reserve d. had to reserve better 47.I _ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary. a. would rather not have b. would not rather had c. rather would not have d. rather not would have 48.Many scientists _ their own eyes and ears than the theories of the ancients. a. would ra
41、ther to believe b. would rather believe c. rather would believe d. will rather believe 49.To travel from England to Scotland you _ a passport. a. havent got b. mustnt have c. neednt d. dont need 50.One of the statements _ to be untrue. a. is turned out b. has turned out c. have been turned out d. ha
42、ve turned out 51.I dont know whether it will rain or not, but if it _ rain, I shall stay at home. a. will b. did c. does d. shall 52.“Youd like some tea,_?” a. wouldnt you b. shouldnt you c. hadnt you d. didnt you 53.“May we take the books out?” a. No, you may not b. No, you can not c. No, you cant
43、d. Please dont 54.“I would have come sooner, but I _ that you were waiting.” a. didnt know b. hasnt known c. hadnt know d. havent known 55.If you dont want to, you _ to get there with us. a. mustnt b. cant c. dont have d. have not 56.I would go to visit them but I _ think they are anxious to see me.
44、 a. havent b. dont c. doesnt d. didnt 57.Whatever you can do,_. a. I can do so as well b. I can do this as well c.I can do it as well d. I can do as well 58._ I realized the consequences I would never have contemplated getting involved. a. Had b. Have c. Having d. Has 59.“Perhaps she is working for John.” “Yes, she _ for him.” a.need have been working b. may be working c.ought have been working d. ought be working
