1、2021年考研英语真题一2021年考研英语真题一已公布，具体内容请各位考生查看如下：Section Use of EnglishDirections： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisio
2、ns. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,
3、he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not d
4、epend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consider
5、ation. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series
6、 of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1
7、.A grant B submits C transmits D delivers2.A minor Bobjective C crucial D external3.A issue B vision C picture D moment4.A For example B On average C In principleD Above all5.A fond Bfearful C capable D thoughtless6.A in B on C to D for7.A if Buntil C though D unless8.A promote Bemphasize C share D
8、test9.A decision B quality C status D success10.A chosen Bstupid Cfound D identified11.A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12.A inspired Bexpressed C conducted D secured13.A assigned Brated C matched D arranged14.A put Bgot Cgave D took15.Ainstead Bthen C ever D rather16.Aselected Bp
9、assed C marked D introduced17.Abefore B after C above D below18.A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19.Aachieve Bundo C maintain Ddisregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by
10、 choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of
11、the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Eliz
12、abeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent rel
13、eases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise thatand to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacke
14、d fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that stra
15、in natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Am
16、ericans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a yearabout 64 items per personand no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothesand beautifully.
17、 But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection LineCline believes lasting-c
18、hange can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargain
19、ing skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.Dlack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. T
20、he word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more i
21、nterested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it
22、that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the p
23、ast couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information： Should advertisers assume that people are happyto be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2021 Americas Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed a
24、dding a do not track (DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsofts Internet Explorer and Apples Safari both offer DNT ;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agre
25、ed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row： It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone
26、 to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it ha
27、s an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its
28、 other products favourably with Googles on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsofts chief privacy officer, bloggde：we believe consumers should have more control. Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to：A ease competition among
29、themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersDprovide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to：A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisDinternet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defau
30、ltA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersDgoes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among
31、 consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of：A indulgenceB understandingC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - g
32、lowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate ch
33、ange. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes c
34、lear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read： Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely
35、distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its fl
36、agship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingl
37、y complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say w
38、ith considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future： we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long per
39、spective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision o
40、f the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCNs “Red List” suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the worlds domina
41、nt powerD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the fut
42、ure of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the
43、Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the dec
44、ision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal
45、 immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice A
46、nthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federals privileged powers.Howe
47、ver,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colle
