中考短文填空解题技巧.doc

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1、词汇& 短文填空(2014.5)edited by xhh2014 中考词汇题分值15分,分A、根据句意、首字母或中英文释义、音标写出所缺单词(5题5分 )B、用所给单词的适当形式填空(5题5分)C、用所给动词的适当形式填空(5题5 分)三部分。词汇复习也就是在复习基础知识和基本技能这一阶段,考生应该把所学的单词、短语、过去式、过去分词(不规则)等,过一遍筛子,从而达到查缺补漏的目的,同时也为词汇和短文填空这两道大题奠定坚实的基础。要求同学们在总复习时做到:1.要加强基础知识和基本技能的学习训练,掌握大量的单词和固定短语搭配。2.要重视语言的上下文理解,把语言放到真实的语境中。3.要了解英语语

2、言的背景知识和文化知识,尽可能用英语去理解英语。这样才能在解答此题时,得心应手。单词拼写试题则不同于词语运用题,它不仅仅是单纯地测试单词拼写,而是把单词放在句子中和句子有机地结合起来,旨在考查单词的运用技巧。因此在复习和考试中,解此题应注意以下几个方面:a.如果所填的词是名词,则要注意是可数名词还是不可数名词,如果是可数名词,则要注意它的单、复数形式。b.如果要考查的词是形容词、副词,则要注意其等级变化,特别要注意的是那些特殊的形式,像:bad,badly,ill所共用的比较级、最高级形式worse,worst;像little的比较级、最高级less,least等,更应该引起考生的注意。c.如

3、果是动词,则要注意其单数第三人称的形式,还有过去式,过去分词等变化,以及其非谓语动词的运用。d.如果是人称代词,则要注意使用的是主格还是宾格。e.如果是物主代词,则要注意是名词性物主代词还是形容词性物主代词的形式。以及反身代词等的用法。解题策略:四字经: 研、寻、定、查。高分技巧:一、分析词性:口诀如下:空前空后要注意,“名词”单复数要牢记,还有s不能弃,“动词”注意要变形,“形副”注意要用三级,要填“数词”请留意,千万别忘“基”和“序”,填入“代词”需慎重,五格变化要谨记。二、注意各种词性之间的相互转换:1、v.+ er/or - n.eg. teach_ visit _ invent _

4、2.adj.+ly - adv. careful _ polite _ easy _ terrible _ safe _ true _ 3. n.+ ly adj. friend _ month _ year _ week _ 4. adj.- n. important _ lost _ different _ silent _ healthy _ dead _ humorous _ proud _ difficult _ 5.v.-adj. die _ miss _ lose _ 6. v+tion -n. invent _ pollute _ protect _ 7. v+ ment -

5、n. agree _ develop _ move _ excite _ 8. adj.+ ness- n.ill _ kind _ happy _ sad _ 9. n.+ less/ful -adj. careful /careless; helpful /helpless具体情况分析:1.be后面可以填三种形式:现在分词、过去分词或形容词。be+Ving构成进行时; be+adj.表状态;be+Vpp构成被动语态2.冠词、形容词、物主代词和名词所有格后填名词。a/an/the+n ;adj.+n.;物主代词+n.;n s+n.3.名词前可填形容词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。-adj.

6、+n.;物主代词+n.; n s+n4.动词或动词短语后填副词-v.+adv.或adv.+v.5.两个句子之间填连词6.冠词和名词之间填形容词。冠词+adj.+n. 7.have/has/had后首先考虑填动词的过去分词-have/has/had+Vpp构成现在完成时态8.数字 (除one外)后面填名词复数,序数词后填名词单数。-基数词 (除one外)+n.(pl.)序数词+n.(单数) 9.如果需要填数词,则看名词,名词是复,填基数词;名词是单数填序数词或one-基数词+n.(pl.)序数词/one+n.(单数) 10.通过所缺词前后的关键词,填出答案如: many/few/several/

7、most+n.(pl.)much+-er-er+than11.句首空词,并且后面有逗号,考虑填副词。-However,/Luckily,/Unluckily Also,/Mostimportantly,+句子 12.句中不缺成分,考虑填副词,句末一定是副词13.通过固定短语填出所缺的词。eg.keepintouchwith; playajokeon;beonavisittothe+比较级-, the+比较级- 14.more后填形容词或副词原级;可数名词复数;不可数名词-more+多音节原级;more+n.(pl.) more+不可数名词15.介词后可以填: V.ing;名词;代词宾格-介词+

8、Ving.介词+n.介词+宾格16. before/after+V.ing 17.从句句首,主语前填连词。-连词句子,句子。 (注意:连词后无标点) 18.单句句首主语前填副词。-副词,句子。 (副词后定有逗号) 19.can t/should/might/don t/didn t/doesn t/won t/please+动词原形20.冠词the后,多考虑填名词,有时也可以填形容词表示一类人。-the+n.the+adj.21.Who+V.(多为单数形式)或What+V.(多为单数形式)22.注意在定语从句中,先行词who+V V.的单复数与先行词的单复数保持一致。23.notonlyAbu

9、talsoB(AandB)A、B词性和词形一致24.while后面用进行时 (一)、单词释义。根据首字母及英文单词释义写出这个单词。1. g _ showing thanks to another person.解题技巧要准确理解释义的内涵。h_ almost not ; (二)、在下列各句的空白处填入一个适当的词,使句意完整,语法正确。2. Paul walked into the bedroom _ because his wife and baby were sleeping.解题技巧利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析和推理,便能轻而易举地猜出词义,写出单词。(三)、根据

10、括号里的英文释义和首字母提示,完成下列英语句子。3. Lian Zhan a _ (get to) in Xian in April,2005.解题技巧看所填单词在句中所充当的成分,看所填单词前面的修饰语,看固定句式或惯用搭配,看句子其他提示词。(四)、根据句意及所给的汉语意思写出所缺单词。4. The book is _(值得的)reading again. 解题技巧在句中填写单词时,注意看清所填单词在句中充当的成分,看清所填单词前面的修饰语,看是否是固定句式或惯用搭配。(五)、根据句子意思,用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。5. The policeman helped him find h

11、is _ (miss) motorbike.解题技巧根据语法知识和构词法规则写出正确答案。(六)、用所给词的正确形式或根据音标填空。7. I want to know _ /we/a writing brush is made of bamboo and animals hair.解题技巧掌握常见字母组合在单词中的读音以及词形变化、转换、合成和派生词的读音,还有一些元、辅音字母在词中不发音的情况等。要注意总结、归纳和比较一些特殊的发音现象。(七)、确定非谓语动词的形式 如果所给的动词在句子中不作谓语,就应该考虑用动词的非谓语动词形式。 1want,hope,wish,decide,would

12、like,agree, learn, plan, choose, manage, offer to do2enjoy,finish,mind,be busy,be worth,feel like,whathow about,cant help,practice,have funproblems ,miss, give up, suggest, look forward to, succeed in, pay attention to, keep, be worth, allow -ing 3tell,ask,order, encourage,advise,teach, want, wish,a

13、llow sb to do4.remember,forget,stop,try,mean, love,like, need, go on,continue, be used to do/doing5.感官动词和使役动词:feel sb do/doing; listen to, hear sb do/doing make, let, have sb do ; look at, watch, see, notice sb do/doing在被动语态中用to do ; have sth done II、动词填空题解题技巧:动词填空主要用来测试考生对动词和非谓语动词形式、语态及主谓一致等知识的掌握情况

14、。因此,掌握好动词的各种形式及其用法是做此类题的关键。我们可以从以下几方面着手:一、确定正确的时态(6 种时态)1根据句中的时间状语来确定时态。例如,现在完成时的时间状语:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, for, since+时间点;since+过去时态的句子, so far, by now, in/during the last/past few years 2注意时态呼应。在主从复合句中,主句谓语与从句谓语动词的时态是相互照应的。1)在宾语从句中,如果主句是一般现在时,从句根据需要选用任何时态;如果主句是一般过去时,从句要用过去的某种时态;

15、如果从句表达的是一个客观事实不管主句是何种时态,从句仍用一般现在时。2)在状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,或是祈使句,或是含情态动词的句子,时间和条件状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。3根据上下文确定时态。有时句子没有明显的时间状语,也不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定时态。如: “Youvecertainlytouchedmyheartwithyourchoices.AndImsuretheFiveFriendlies _(touch)theheartoftheworld.”句意是“你以你的选择已经震撼了我的心,我相信这五个福娃将会给世人带来震

16、撼。”后句是笔者对美好事物的祝愿,所以应用一般将来时。 二、确定正确的语态 :我们在考虑时态的同时,也要考虑语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时,用被动语态;反之用主动语态。如: “They_(choose)carefullybyBeijing2008torepresent.注意:不及物动词或相当于不及物动词的短语动词(如listen,sleep,take place, happen,get up,grow up,break out,come in等)没有被动语态。如:Great changes have taken place in the last few years. The wa

17、r broke out many years ago但是,当“不及物动词介(副)词”构成的短语动词其作用相当于及物动词时,则有被动语态。The children are looked after well 中考短文填空解题技巧:I首字母填空题解题技巧:字母填空题主要考察学生正确理解和书写英语单词。解答这种题需要平时扎实地打好基础,单词拼写要过关,善于分析句子结构,熟练各种词形首的变化,动词时态形式的变化,非谓语动词的运用等,另外,掌握必要的阅读技巧,也很重要。一 跳过空格,通读短文,了解大意根据首字母填空的题型,实际上相当于完形填空,必须先快速通读全文,尽量理解文章的主要内容,再仔细揣摩需要填

18、词的句子,只有完全理解全句的意思,才能准确填写单词。二. 复读短文,确定语义,判断词形。1 利用上下文的语境,结合所学过的知识,先确定空格处所需词语的意义.2再根据空格在句子中的位置,判断其在句中充当的成分,从而确定所填词的词性,再依据词语搭配和语法规则,判断所填的词的正确形式。例如,单,复数、形容词,副词的级别、时态、语态、语气及非谓语动词的形式等,要特别注意时态的呼应及主谓一致。三.通读短文,检查答案。例一:A survey has been published which shows that British people dont like their neighbours very

19、much. 80% of the people who took part in the survey feel that their neighbours h_ pay attention to others feelings. 25% dont talk to the people who live next door and 10% dont even know their n_. In fact, one million people in Britain would like to m_ because they dont get along w_ with their neighb

20、ours.According to the survey, the b_ problem is noise. Many of the c_ about noise came from people who live in flats and old houses. These places often have thin walls which cant s_ the noise from next door. The other main problems are disagreements about car parking space, and old people complainin

21、g about the y_ . Some disagreements last a long time. In one case, people w_live in the same building havent talked to each other for fifteen years. Sometimes the disagreements end in violence ( 暴力 ). In one of the worst cases, a man killed a neighbour because he kept p_in “his space”.Another survey

22、 shows that 90% of the neighbours never s_ a meal. 80% have never had a drink together and 20% have never even spoken. However, when neighbours become each others friends, they are often r _to offer help, as we can see in many parts of the world.1.a (an)考点1:不定冠词,表示泛指。Eg:A tiger 就表示一只老虎,是泛指;而the tige

23、r则表示那只老虎,是特指。考点2:元音前加an,辅音前加a,注意:元音和辅音指的是音标而不是拼写。Eg:hour前需要加an,构成an hour;而useful tool前面加的是a,构成a useful tool。【相关拓展】A和One也表示一个,但one更强调是“一”个,而a则没有强调的意味。2.Ability 名词,可数(复数为abilities)考点1:have an(the)ability to do sth。考点2:形容词able,be able to do。可运用于各种时态,Eg:I was able to play the piano when I was young【相关拓展

24、】ability加否定前缀dis,构成名词disability,残疾或残疾人,当做残疾人讲可数,disabilities就相当于the disabled,表示一类人。 形容词disabled,残疾的。able加否定前缀un,构成unable,不能、不会。Eg:They were unable to explain why.3.About考点1:表示大约。Eg:about 5 oclock.考点2:同around,在。周围。考点3:关于,对于。Eg:His research is about animals.考点4:be about to do,正要做某事。【相关拓展】表示大约的一类词:near

25、ly, about, around, almost, approximately4.Above 介词,在之上;超过,大于。副词,上文的,上述的考点1:非表面,非垂直向上。Eg:Above the clouds考点2:数目,价钱,数量等超过。Eg:The temperature has been above the average recently. Theres nothing in this shop above/over a dollar考点3:上文,上述的。Eg:Just as mentioned above考点4:above all,最重要的是, 尤其。【相关拓展】Above的反义词是

26、below, over的反义词是under.5.Abroad 副词,在国外,广泛地考点1:国外,Eg:go abroad for further study考点2:from abroad从海外,at home and abroad 在国内和国外考点3:the news spreads aboard 消息广泛传播6.Accept 动词,接受,认可考点1:接受,accept a gift,accept the advice,accept the consequence (结果)考点2:认可,Eg:He is accepted by his classmates. I accept the judg

27、es decision.7.Accident 名词,事故,偶然考点1:事故,a traffic accident考点2:偶然,by accident,Eg:We met by accident at the airport.考点3:句型 It is no accident that 表示:。绝非偶然。【相关拓展】Accidental 形容词,意外的。 Accidentally 副词,偶然地,意外地。8.According 副词,相符的,一致的。考点1:According to 根据。 Eg:Youve been in prison six times according to our reco

28、rds.考点2:副词,Accordingly 相应地 Eg:The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.9.Achieve 动词,实现。考点1:achieve one target/goal/purpose【相关拓展】表示实现的一类词:achieve, accomplish, reach, realize, fulfill10.Across 介词、副词, 越过,另一边.考点1:从一边到另一边,强调横过。Eg:Can you swim across

29、 the river?考点2:在对边(对面),across from Eg: Theres a school just across from our house.【相关拓展】 注意Across强调的是从一边到另一边,是从表面或上方越过或横过,而Through强调的是从内部穿过。11.Act 名词,行为,表演。 动词,扮演,行动,起作用。考点1:行为,Eg:an act of kindness考点2:表演,Eg:a song and dance act考点3:act as,充任某角色; 担任某工作。Eg:I dontunderstand their language; youll have t

30、o act as interpreter(翻译).考点4:act on,对有影响或起作用。Eg:Alcohol(酒精) acts quickly on the brain.【相关拓展】Action,名词,行动,动作。 常用词组take action,谚语Actions speak louder than words,行胜于言。Active,形容词,积极的,有效的。常用搭配,take an active part in, 积极参加。active resistance,积极的抵抗。Active volcano,活火山。Actively 副词 take part in- acticely1、clot

31、hes,cloth,clothing clothes统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数,cloth指布,为不可数名词clothing服装的总称,指一件衣服用apieceof,anarticleof2.incident,accident incident指小事件,accident指不幸的事故Hewaskilledintheaccident.3.amount,number amount后接不可数名词,number后接可数名词anumberofstudents4.family,house,home home家,包括住处和家人, house房子,住宅, family家庭成员.Myfamilyisahap

32、pyone./His family were watching TV when I got there.5.sound,voice,noise sound自然界各种各样的声音, voice人的嗓音,noise噪音Ihatetheloudnoiseoutside.6.photo,picture,drawing photo用照相机拍摄的照片, picture可指相片,图片,电影片, drawing画的画Letsgoandseeagoodpicture.7.vocabulary,word vocabulary词汇,一个人拥有的单词量, word具体的单词Hehasalargevocabulary.8

33、.population,people population人口,人数, people具体的人Chinahasalargepopulation.9.weather,climate weather一天内具体的天气状况, climate长期的气候状况Theclimatehereisnotgoodforyou.10.road,street,path,way road具体的公路,马路, street街道, path小路,小径, way道路,途径takethisroad;inthestreet,showmethewaytothemuseum.11.course,subject course课程(可包括多门

34、科目),subject科目(具体的学科)asummercourse12.custom,habit custom传统风俗,习俗,也可指生活习惯,后接todo,habit生活习惯,习惯成自然,后接ofdoing.Ivegotthehabitofdrinkingalot.13.cause,reason;cause指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接ofsth./doingsth,reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接forsth./doingsth.thereasonforbeinglate14.exercise,exercises,practice;exercise运动,锻炼(不可数),e

35、xercises练习(可数),practice(反复做的)练习Practicemakesperfect.15.class,lesson作课解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson.;指班级或全体学生用class. lesson6;class516.speech,talk,lecture ;speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说, talk日常生活中的一般的谈话,讲话, lecture学术性的演讲,讲课aseriesoflectureon17.officer,official officer部队的军官, official政府官员anarmyofficer18.work,job二者均

36、指工作。work不可数, job可数agoodjob 19.couple,pair couple主要指人或动物, pair多指由两部分组成的东西apairoftrousers20.country,nation,state,land country侧重指版图,疆域, nation指人民,国民,民族, state侧重指政府,政体, land国土,国家Thewholenationwassadatthenews.21.cook,cooker cook厨师, cooker厨具Heisagoodcook.22. police,policeman police警察的总称后接复数谓语动词,policeman指

37、某个具体的警察Thepolicearequestioningeveryoneinthehouse.24.problem,question;problem和困难连系,前面的动词常为thinkabout,solve,raise; question常和疑问连系和ask,answer连用25.man,aman;man人类, aman一个男人Manwillconquernature.26.chick,chicken二者均可指小鸡, chicken还可以当鸡肉Thechickenisdelicious.27.trip,journey,travel,voyage travel是最常用的, trip指短期的旅

38、途, journey指稍长的旅途, voyage指海上航行athree-daytrip29.sport,game; sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,游泳,打猎,赛马等;game指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则Hisfavoritesportisswimming. 30.price,prize price价格, prize奖,奖品,奖金winthefirstprizeThepriceishigh/low.31.anumberof,thenumberof anumberof许多,谓语动词复数。thenumberof的数目,谓语动词用单数。Thenumberofstudentsisinc

39、reasing.32.infrontof,inthefrontof infrontof范围外的前面, inthefrontof范围内的前面Inthefrontoftheroomsitsaboy. 33.oftheday,ofaday oftheday每一天的,当时的,当代的,ofaday暂时的,不长久的afamousscientistoftheday34.threeofus,thethreeofus ;threeofus我们(不止三个)中的三个, thethreeofus我们三个(就三个人)Thethreeofus-Tom,JackandIwenttothecinema.35.bybus,on

40、thebus bybus表手段方式,不用冠词onthebus表范围Theywenttherebybus. 36.foramoment,forthemoment foramoment片刻,一会儿, forthemoment暂时,一时Thinkingforamoment,heagreed.37.nextyear,thenextyear nextyear将来时间状语, thenextyear过去将来时间状语Hesaidhewouldgoabroadthenextyear.38.morethanayear,morethanoneyear morethanayear一年多, morethanoneyea

41、r超过一年(两年或三年等)39.takeadvice,takethe(ones)advice takeadvice征求意见, taketheadvice接受忠告Herefusedtotaketheadviceandfailedagain. 40.takeair,taketheair takeair传播,走漏, taketheair到户外去,散步Wetaketheaireveryday. 41.inaword,inwords inaword总之,一句话,inwords口头上Inaword,youareright.42.inplaceof,intheplaceof inplaceof代替, int

42、heplaceof在地方Anewbuildingisbuiltintheplaceoftheoldone.43.insecret,inthesecret insecret秘密地,暗自地,偷偷地,一般用作状语; inthesecret知道内情,知道秘密,一般用作表语Mymotherwasinthesecretfromthebeginning.44.agirl,onegirl agirl可泛指所有女孩,onegirl一个女孩Canonegirlcarrysuchabigbox?45.takeachair,takethechair takeachair相当于sitdown坐下, takethecha

43、ir开始开会46.gotosea,bysea,bythesea gotosea当海员,出航, bysea乘船,由海路,bythesea在海边gobysea47.thedoctorandteacher,thedoctorandtheteacher thedoctorandteacher指一个人,既是医生又是老师,thedoctorandtheteacher两个人,一个医生和一个老师thedoctorandteacheris48.inoffice,intheoffice inoffice在职的, intheoffice在办公室里Heisinoffice,notoutofoffice. 49.inbed,onthebed inbed卧在床上, onthebed在床上Thebookisonthebed.Heisillinbed.50.inchargeof,inthechargeof inchargeof管理,负责照料,inthechargeof由照料Heisinchargeofthematter.Thematterisinthechargeofher.51.inclass,intheclass inclass在课上, intheclass在班级里Heisthebeststudentintheclass.52.onfire,onthefir

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