1、Discovering Useful Structures2Step 1.Lead inA:I feel sorry to see that the soldiers lost their lives in the battlefield.B:Me too!Read and pay attention to the words in red.3Read and pay attention to the words in red.A:Lets try some Russian food.B:Cant wait!4What a kind and wise person(he is)!Read an
2、d pay attention to the words in red.What grammatical phenomenon(语法现象）语法现象）is it?1.What is ellipsis?Ellipsis means leaving out words rather than repeating them unnecessarily.2.In what kind of sentence will ellipsis be used?simple sentence (简单句)compound sentence (并列句)complex sentence (复合句)为避免重复，将句子中的一
3、个或几个成分省去，这种语法现象叫省略。省略是避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法手段。一、简单句的省略(You)Go down this street and turn right at the second crossing.Step 2.Presentation(Is there)Anything else?Are you from America?Yes，I am(from America).What a beautiful city(it is)!What a mixture of culture(it was)here!祈使句的省略。在祈使句中，通常省略主语_。There
4、 be句型省略_。疑问句的答语省略。感叹句的省略。在what和how引起的感叹句中常省略_。youThere be主语和be动词二、并列句中的省略Tom picked up the toy from the floor and(Tom)handed it to his brother.Yuzuru Hanyus performance made us amused，but(his performance made)himself tired.Tom must have been playing football at that time，and his sister(must have bee
5、n)playing the piano.省略共同的_或宾语。若主语与谓语相同，则省略后面的_成分。若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词_，则省略后面的系动词、助动词或情态动词。主语主谓相同Step 2.Presentation三、复合句中的省略1.定语从句的省略1.We admire the man(whom)you are talking about.在限制性定语从句中，作_语的关系代词which,that,whom可以省略,但在介词前置或非限制性定语从句中不可省略。宾 Hongkong is a city that/which Ive dreamt about visiting
6、 for many years.2.The man(who is)sitting by the window is Mr.Smith.在限制性定语从句中，可以省略从句的 和 。关系代词 be动词修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。3.3.The way he speaks to us is really annoying.(in which)(that)(/)2.宾语从句的省略He said(that)Wuhan is a great city and that he would visit the city next summer vacation.I know that
7、Su Yiming will come to our city but I dont know when(he will come to our city).(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词_一般可以省略，但如果及物动词后接两个或两个以上由_引导的宾语从句时，那么只有第一个that可以省略。(2)when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。thatthatStep 2.PresentationI know he was late,but I dont know why he was late.I know he was late,but I dont know
8、why.3.状语从句的省略When(the novel is)published，the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.He runs as fast as Bob(runs).(1)当when，while，if，as if，though，as，until，unless等连接的状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且状语从句中含有be动词或从句的主语为it时，省略状语从句中的_。省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。主语和be动
9、词If (I were)given another chance,I would pay a vist to Hongkong again!四、虚拟语气中的省略Had you come here yesterday，you would watch the game.如果你昨天来这儿的话，你就会观看比赛了。We insisted that they(should)finish the meal.我们坚决要求他吃晚饭。It is necessary that we(should)keep calm in face of danger.我们有必要面对危险时保持冷静。(1)虚拟条件句常省略_，将wer
10、e，had，should提前构成部分倒装。(2)在一坚持(insist)，二命令(order，command)，三建议(suggest，propose，advise)，四要求(demand，require，request，desire)等后的宾语从句中，含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句，以及It is strange/natural/necessary/important that.从句中常省略_。ifshould1.动词不定式的省略。动词不定式的省略。You cant force him to answer the question if hes not ready to
11、 answer the question.五五、其他省略情况、其他省略情况当不定式在形容词afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。()We often hear her sing an English song in the classroom.She is often heard to sing an English song in the classroom.使役动词，如make,let,have等和感官动词，如see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这
12、些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。(被动语态)He likes to swim more than(to)skate.He believes it important to study rather than to make friends.并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，则不能省略to。(比较)当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree,afford,expect,forget,hope,know,manage,pretend,remember,refuse,want,wish,would like等。-Will you go
13、with me?-Well,Id like to(go with you).-Have you ever been to the seaside?-No,we cant afford to(go to the seaside).All he could do was nothing but wait and see.We had no alternative but to wait.介词but,except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。They didnt visit their parents as much as they ought to visit their p
14、arents.当不定式在be going to,be able to,have to,ought to,used to后作复合谓语时，不定式可省略。()He didnt come,but he ought to have.-Are you a farmer?-No,but I used to be.(come)(a farmer)Attention：省略的不定式省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的内容若含有作助动词用的havehave或或bebe的任何形式时，的任何形式时，toto后要保留原形的后要保留原形的havehave或或bebe。补全以下句子当中可以省略的部分补全以下句子当中可以省略的部
15、分。2 He hasnt finished the task yet.Well,he ought to have.1.He didnt come，but he ought to have(come).2.I saw him enter the room just now.He was seen to enter the room just now by me.3.I can do nothing but wait.4.His wish is to earn a lot of money and(to)buy his family a big house.5.The purpose of new
16、 technologies is to make life easier，not to make it more difficult.小结：(1)有些动词(词组)，如want，wish，expect，hope，would like，try，forget等后面的不定式作_语时，为了避免重复，可以省略动词只保留到_，但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有系动词be和助动词have，这些动词就要保留。(2)感官动词(词组)see，look at，hear，listen to，notice，watch等和使役动词make，let，have等的后面作宾补的不定式要省略_；但此类动词的被动语态中的to不可省略。(
17、3)在某些句式中，如介词but，except前有动词do的任何形式，后面的不定式要省略_。(4)两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个带to，后面省去_；但如果两个不定式表示对比、对照关系时，则to不可省略。宾totototo I will help(to)do it for you.I will help you(to)do it.3 help当当“帮助帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号补的不定式符号to可带可不带。可带可不带。2.介词的省略She spends half an hour(in)doing some exercises every day.We hav
18、e a mid-term exam(in)every term.(1)在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的_词常被省略，而只保留后面的动名词。如spend time/money(in)doing sth；have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth；prevent/stop sb(from)doing sth。(2)表示_的介词at，on和in在next，last，this，each，these，yesterday，every，tomorrow等词之前，一般可省略。介时间Step 2.Presentation一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略。一些与动
19、词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略。常见的结构有常见的结构有:have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sthbe busy(in)doing sthspend some time(in)doing sthstop/prevent sb(from)doing sthThere is no sense/point(in)doing sth3.替代性省略Can they solve the promlem by themselves?他们能自己解决那个问题吗？I think so.我认为能。I dont think so./I think not.我认为不能。英语中，可
20、以使用so，_或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not.so的形式。The boys missed the flight because of the traffic jam,didnt they?I guess not.notStep 2.Presentation3.替代性省略 使用使用so,not等时的省略。等时的省略。在英语中，可以用在英语中，可以用so,not或其他方式来省略上文或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。或问句中的一部分或整个句子。-Can you finish your w
21、ork today?-(我认为能。我认为能。)-(我认为不能。我认为不能。)I think so.I dont think so./I think not 4.比较结构的省略The sooner(you do it)，the better(it will be).(你做得)越快(结果就会)越好。在“the比较级，the比较级”结构中和由_和as引导的比较句式中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略。thanStep 2.PresentationSummaryDiscovering Useful Structures省略用省略结构改写下列句子Is there anyone here to w
22、ait on us?_He is a programmer and I am a programmer，too._It sounds interesting._What a clever boy he is!_Anyone here to wait on us?He is a programmer and I am，too.Sounds interesting.What a clever boy!Practice用省略结构改写下列句子I work in a factory and my brother works on a farm.I work in a factory and _.Were
23、 bound to win someday，but when are we to win?Were bound to win someday，but _？my brother on a farmwhenPractice用省略结构改写下列复合句Who is the man whom you were talking to?Who is the man _？Someone has used my mobile phone，but I dont know who has used it.Someone has used my mobile phone，but I dont know _.When i
24、t is heated，a piece of ice will turn into water._，a piece of ice will turn into water.you were talking towhoWhen heatedPracticeAlthough he was hard-working，he couldnt earn enough to support himself._，he couldnt earn enough to support himself.Hes the man that you can safely depend on.Hes the man _.Th
25、ey dont use more water than it is necessary.They dont use more water _.Although hard-workingyou can safely depend onthan necessaryPractice用省略结构改写下列各句If she were here，she would agree too._，she would agree too.He ordered that we should go out at once.He ordered that _.If Thomas Edison had stored his m
26、oney，he would have died a wealthy man._，he would have died a wealthy man.Were she herewe go out at onceHad Thomas Edison stored his moneyPractice单句语法填空I had great difficulty _(find)the canteen in the new campus.Do you think the exhibition will be held on time with COVID-2019?I dont think _.Will you
27、join the culture club?I would love _.The busier(he is)，_(happy)he feels.findingsotothe happierPracticeThe art exhibition is more interesting than _(expect).The foreign students have some trouble _(learn)Chinese.The boy wanted to play with his ball in the street，but his mother told him not _.expected
28、learningto5 特殊特殊句型或短语结构中的省略：句型或短语结构中的省略：1.I had great difficulty (find)the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.2.The busier(he is),_(happy)he feels.3.I suggest that you(should)not smoke.4.Were I you,I would quit smoking.（in）findingthe happier=If I were you 条件从句中有条件从句中有should,were或或had时时,可以省略可以省略if,但要将但要将should,were或或had提至句首。提至句首。Thank you
