1、中考英语语法复习句子成分讲解和练习一、讲解1.主语（Subject）是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。【例】Nouns（名词）：The book is on the table.（“book”是主语，它是一个名词，表示句子所描述的对象是“书”）Pronouns（代词）：He likes reading.（“He”是主语，指代人）Gerunds（动名词）：Swimming is good exercise.（“Swimming”是主语，是一种动作行为，在这里作主语表示“游泳这个行为”）2.谓语（Predicate）说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征
2、和状态。由动词或动词短语构成。【例】She sings beautifully.（“sings”是谓语，描述主语“she”的动作）They are happy.（“are”是系动词，和“happy”一起构成谓语，说明主语“they”的状态）3.宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词之后。可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。【例】Direct Object（直接宾语）：He bought a book.（“book”是直接宾语，是动词“bought”的对象）Indirect Object（间接宾语）：She gave me a pen.（“me”是间接宾语
3、，“pen”是直接宾语，间接宾语通常表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的）4.表语（Predicative）用在系动词（如be, look, sound, feel, smell, taste, become, get等）之后，说明主语的身份、特征或状态。可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。【例】She is a teacher.（“a teacher”是表语，说明主语“she”的身份）The soup tastes delicious.（“delicious”是表语，说明主语“soup”的特征）5.定语（Attribute）用来修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、数量
4、等。可以是形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。【例】The beautiful girl is my sister.（“beautiful”是定语，修饰名词“girl”，说明女孩的特征）I have a lot of books.（“a lot of”是定语，修饰名词“books”，说明书的数量）6.状语（Adverbial）用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度等。可以是副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等。【例】He runs fast.（“fast”是状语，修饰动词“runs”，说明动作的程度）She wen
5、t to school early in the morning.（“early in the morning”是状语，说明动作发生的时间）7.表语（Predicative）表语的位置与功能：表语紧跟在系动词之后，其核心作用是对主语进行补充说明，让主语的特征、状态、身份等信息更加清晰。除了前面提到的常见类型，还有一些特殊情况。分词作表语：现在分词和过去分词都能充当表语。现在分词作表语时，主语多为物，描述主语具有的特征，通常具有“令人”的含义。例如，The movie is really exciting.（这部电影真令人兴奋。“exciting”说明电影本身具有让人兴奋的特质） 过去分词作表语
6、时，主语常为人，强调主语的感受或所处状态，意思是“感到”。如，I am interested in this story.（我对这个故事感兴趣。“interested”体现出“我”的感受 ）从句作表语（表语从句）：表语从句放在系动词后，充当句子的表语。引导词有that（无实际意义，在句中不充当成分，但不能省略）、if/whether（是否）、连接代词（what, who, whom, whose, which）和连接副词（when, where, why, how）等。例如，The truth is that he has never been to the place.（事实是他从未去过那个
7、地方。“that he has never been to the place”整个从句作表语，对“truth”进行解释说明 ）；The question is whether we can finish the work on time.（问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。“whether we can finish the work on time”作表语，表明“question”的具体内容 ）8.同位语（Appositive）同位语的定义与作用：同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释，说明其具体内容，在语法上与所修饰的词地位等同。它可以使句子所表达的信息更加详细、具体。名词或名词短语作同位语
8、：最常见的情况是名词或名词短语紧跟在被解释说明的词之后。例如，My friend Tom is a very kind person.（“Tom”是“My friend”的同位语，进一步明确朋友的名字 ）；The city, a beautiful coastal city, attracts many tourists every year.（“a beautiful coastal city”是“The city”的同位语，对这座城市的特点进行补充说明 ）代词作同位语：代词也能充当同位语，对前面的名词或代词进行强调。如，We students should study hard.（“stu
9、dents”是“We”的同位语，强调“我们”的身份是学生 ）；They themselves completed the difficult task.（“themselves”是“They”的同位语，起到强调“他们自己”的作用 ）从句作同位语（同位语从句）：同位语从句用于对抽象名词（如fact, news, idea, belief, doubt等）作进一步解释说明。引导词通常为that（that在从句中不充当成分，但不能省略），有时也用whether, who, when, where等。例如，The news that our team won the game spread quick
10、ly.（“that our team won the game”是同位语从句，对“news”的具体内容进行说明，即“我们队赢得比赛”这一消息 ）；There is some doubt whether he will come.（“whether he will come”是同位语从句，对“doubt”的内容进行阐述，即对“他是否会来”存在疑问 ）二、练习1.指出下列句中主语的中心词：The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There are a lot of banana trees on the
11、island.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2.选出句中谓语的中心词：I dont like the picture on the wall.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.Do you usually go to school by bus?There will be a meeting at the library
12、this afternoon.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.What I want to tell you is this.We had better send for a doctor.He is interested in music.Whom did you give my book to?3.挑出下列句中的宾语：My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak Eng
13、lish.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museu
14、m on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.4.挑出下列句中的表语：The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon they all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn about it.5.挑出
15、下列句中的定语：They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!6.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语：She likes the children to read newspaper
16、s and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?7.挑出下列句中的状语：There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard
17、 the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle
18、Wang to see the other machine.8.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语：Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.【答案解析】1.主语中心词：The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.中心词是“teacher”，“with two of his students”是后置定语修饰“teacher”。There are a lot of banana trees on the island.中
19、心词是“trees”，“a lot of banana”是定语修饰“trees”。The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.中心词是“dictionary”，“useful”是定语修饰“dictionary”。To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.中心词是“To do todays homework”，这是一个不定式短语作主语，“without the teachers help”是状语。2.谓语中心词：I dont like the
20、 picture on the wall.谓语中心词是“like”，“dont”是助动词，帮助构成否定句。The days get longer and longer when summer comes.谓语中心词是“get”，“longer and longer”是表语。Do you usually go to school by bus? 谓语中心词是“go”，“Do”是助动词，“usually”是副词作状语。There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.谓语中心词是“will be”，这是一个复合谓语。Did the twin
21、s have porridge for their breakfast? 谓语中心词是“have”，“Did”是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句。Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.谓语中心词是“do”，“didnt”是助动词，帮助构成否定句。What I want to tell you is this.谓语中心词是“is”，“What I want to tell you”是主语从句。We had better send for a doctor.谓语中心词是“send”，“had better”是情态动词短语，后接动词原形。He is interested
22、in music.谓语中心词是“is”，“is interested in”是系表结构。Whom did you give my book to? 谓语中心词是“give”，“did”是助动词，“Whom”是间接宾语，“my book”是直接宾语。3.宾语：My brother hasnt done his homework.宾语是“homework”。People all over the world speak English.宾语是“English”。You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.宾语是“attention”，“to
23、your pronunciation”是介词短语作状语修饰“pay attention to”。How many new words did you learn last class? 宾语是“words”，“How many new”是定语修饰“words”。Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? 宾语是“to go swimming”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语。The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.宾语是“he was ill”，这
24、是一个宾语从句。They made him monitor of the class.宾语是“him”，“monitor of the class”是宾语补足语。Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.宾语是“the museum”，“across the bridge”是状语，“on the left”是后置定语修饰“the museum”。You will find it useful after you leave school.宾语是“it”，“useful”是宾语补足语，“after you leav
25、e school”是状语从句。They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.宾语是“who Father Christmas really is”，这是一个宾语从句。4.表语：The old man was feeling very tired.表语是“tired”，“very”是副词修饰“tired”。Why is he worried about Jim? 表语是“worried about Jim”，这是一个系表结构，“about Jim”是状语修饰“worried”。The leaves have turned yellow.表语是“ye
26、llow”。Soon they all became interested in the subject.表语是“interested in the subject”，这是一个系表结构，“in the subject”是状语修饰“interested”。She was the first to learn about it.表语是“the first to learn about it”，这是一个名词短语作表语，“to learn about it”是后置定语修饰“the first”。5.定语：They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.定语是“family”
27、，修饰“name”。What is your given name? 定语是“given”，修饰“name”。On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.定语是“third”，修饰“lap”。I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.定语是“some”，修饰“people”。The man downstairs was trying to sleep.定语是“downstairs”，修饰“man”。I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 定语是“o
28、ther”，修饰“shoe”。6.宾语补足语：She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.宾语补足语是“to read newspapers and books in the reading-room”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。He asked her to take the boy out of school.宾语补足语是“to take the boy out of school”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。She found it difficult to do the wo
29、rk.宾语补足语是“difficult to do the work”，“difficult”是宾语补足语，“to do the work”是真正的宾语，“it”是形式宾语。 They call me Lily sometimes.宾语补足语是“Lily”。I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.宾语补足语是“get on the bus”，这是一个不带to的不定式短语作宾语补足语。Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 宾语补足语是“playing football on the pl
30、ayground just now”，这是一个现在分词短语作宾语补足语。7.状语：There was a big smile on her face.状语是“on her face”，这是一个介词短语作地点状语。Every night he heard the noise upstairs.状语是“Every night”和“upstairs”，分别表示时间和地点。He began to learn English when he was eleven.状语是“when he was eleven”，这是一个时间状语从句。The man on the motorbike was travell
31、ing too fast.状语是“on the motorbike”和“too fast”，分别表示地点和程度。With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.状语是“With the medicine box under her arm”，这是一个with复合结构作状语。She loves the library because she loves books.状语是“because she loves books”，这是一个原因状语从句。I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must
32、pay for it.状语是“that if youve lost it, you must pay for it”，这是一个宾语从句作状语。The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.状语是“to see the other machine”，这是一个不定式短语作目的状语。8.直接宾语和间接宾语：Please tell us a story.直接宾语是“story”，间接宾语是“us”。My father bought a new bike for me last week.直接宾语是“bike”，间接宾语是“me”，“for me”是状语，表示对象。5
