1、 考点考点 05 介介词和介词短语词和介词短语 高考频度： 【命题解读】【命题解读】 介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误 的语法项目之一。 【命题预测】【命题预测】 预计 2020 年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词， 将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查， 精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容 词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。 【复习建议】【复习建议】 1. 掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析； 2. 掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语； 3. 掌握在定语从句中
2、介词的使用情况。 介词的分类介词的分类 分类 特点 例词 简单介词 即一个介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 等等。 合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into, onto, throughout, upon, within 短语介词 由短语构成 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 等等。 双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among, from beh
3、ind, from under, till after, in between 等等。 分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就而论), including，regarding， concerning 等。 兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like, unlike, near, next, opposite 等等。 考向考向 介词短语的功能介词短语的功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表 示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。 介词短语的功能 例 句 作定语 They didnt find the solut
4、ion to the problem. 作状语 We have breakfast at seven.（表时间） They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因） What do you mean by doing such a thing?（表方法） Nothing in the world could live without air or water.（表条件） 作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday, you were not at home. 作宾语补足语 I fou
5、nd the old building in a bad condition. 考向考向 常考介词的辨析常考介词的辨析 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情 况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。 1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别 表示的概念 介词（短语） 区 别 例 时间 in on at at 在一个时间点上； in 在一段的时间之内； on 在具体日子。 at 8 oclock, at noon in the 1990s, in January on Monday, on a warm mor
6、ning since from since 指从过去到现在的 一段时间，和完成时连 用； from 指从时间的某一点 开始。 We have not seen each other since 1995. I hope to do morning exercises from today. in, after in 指在一段时间之后， 也 可 以 指 一 段 时 间之 内 =within； after 表示某一具体时间 Well be back in three days. After seven the rain began to fall. What shall we do after g
7、raduation? 点之后或用在过去时的 一段时间中。 in the end at the end of by the end of in the end 作最后、 终于解， 单独作句子成 分， 后不接介词 of； at the end of 表示在末 梢，到尽头， 既可指时间， 也可以指地 上或物体，不可单独使 用；by the end of 作 在结束时， 到末为止解， 只 能指时间。不可单独使 用。 In the end they reached a place of safety. At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden. T
8、hey decided to have an English evening at the end of this week. By the end of last month he had finished the novel. 位置 between among 一般说来，between 表示 两者之间， among 用于三 者或三者以上的中间。 You are to sit between your father and me. He is always happy among his classmates. 注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人 或东西， 强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到
9、 一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分 居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就 用 between。 Agreements were made between the different countries. The little valley lies between high mountains. They dont know the difference between wheat, rice and coin. in on to in 表示在某范围内； on 指与什么毗邻； to 指在某环境范围之外。 Changchun is in the northeast of China. Mongo
10、lia is on the north of China. Japan is to the east of China. on on 只表示在某物的表面There is a book on the piece of in 上，而用 in 表示占去某 物一部分。 paper. There is an interesting article in the newspaper. He dug a hole in the wall. in into in 通常表示位置 （静态） ； into 表示动向，不表示目 的地或位置。 We walked in the park. We walked into
11、the park. through across through 表示从内部通 过，与 in 有关；across 则表示从一端至另一端 在表面上的通过，与 on 有关。 Water flows through the pipe. The old man walked across the street. in the corner on the corner at the corner in the corner 表示在角落 里， in 指角的内面； on the corner 表示在角上， on 指的不是内面，也不 是外面， 而含内外兼有之 意；at the corner 指在 拐角处， a
12、t 指的是拐角 外附近的外面。 The lamp stands in the corner of the room. I me t with him at the street corner. He sat on the corner of the table. 除了 besides except but except for besides 指除了还 有，再加上；except 指除了，减去什么， 不能放在句首。but 与 except 意思近似，表示 除了外经常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑问 词后面。 except for表示
13、All went out besides me. All went out except me. I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 如无就， 只是表明 理由细节。 表示的概念 构成 例 动作 （表进行 概念、 表被动 的关系） at+名词 at dinner/table 在吃饭 at work 在工作 at war 交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest 在休息
14、school 在上学 at press 正在排印 at church 在做礼拜 beyond+名词 beyond belief 难以置信 beyond control 不听管教。 beyond compare 无可比拟 beyond description 难以形容 beyond expression 无法表达 beyond suspicion 无可怀疑 in+名词 或 in +名词 +of+名词 in the army 在当兵 in need of 需要 in action 在运转 in progress 在进行 in operation 在运行中 in use 开始使用 in sight
15、看得见 in store 贮藏着 in course of construction 正在兴建当中。 in (good) repair 维修良好的 in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。 in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由负责 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被拥有 on+名词 on business 办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假 on watch 值班 on duty 值勤/日 on guard 在值勤 on strike 在罢工 on s
16、ale 出售 on loan 借贷 on the march 在行军 on trial 在试用 on the air 在广播 on fire 在燃烧 on the move 在移动，搬迁，离开 on show/display/ exhibition 在展出 under+名词 under control 在控制之中 under discussion 在讨论 underdevelopment 在发展中 under observation 在观察中 under test 在被测试 under construction 在建设中 under fire 在炮火中 under examination 在检
17、查/调 查中 under consideration 在考虑中 under repair 在修理中 under arrest 被逮捕 under attack 受到袭击 under medical treatment 在治疗中 under study 在研究中 其他 against ones opinion 反对某人的见解 for ones opinion 同意某人的见解 above reproach 无可指责，无可非议 above suspicion 不受怀疑 above criticism 无可指责 at the mercy of 在支配下；任由摆布 for sale 供出售 for re
18、nt 供出租 within sight 看得见 1.（2019江苏卷单项填空）Favorable policies are _ to encourage employees professional development. A. in effect B. in command C. in turn D. in shape 【答案】A 【解析】考查介词短语。句意：好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上； B. in command 指挥；C. in turn 轮流，依次；D. in shape 在外形上，处于良好的状态。故选 A。 2. （2019 新课
19、标 I 卷 语法填空） Modem methods _63_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area. 【答案】of/for 【解析】 考查介词用法。 此处 tracking polar bear populations 作 Modern methods 的定语， 用 of 连接， “methods of doing sth.”,意为“的方法”
20、，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用 for。故填 of/for。 3.（2019新课标 I 卷语法填空）Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are _68_ (high) than they actually are. 【答案】of/for 4.【2019新课标 III 卷语法填空】We were firs
21、t greeted with the barking by a pack _63_ dogs，seven to be exact. 【答案】of 【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填 of。 5. （2017 新课标卷 I 短文改错） At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but and he agreed. 【答案】删除 for 【解析】时间名词有 every，each，last 等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除 for。 2.常见同一
22、形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别 常见形容词 搭配 意义 absent (be) absent from 缺席 (be) absent in 不在这里而在 afraid (be) afraid of 担心 (be) afraid for 为而担心 angry (be) angry with sb. 对某人生气 (be) angry at/about sth. 因某事而生气 anxious (be)anxious for sth 急于想得到 (be)anxious about sth./sb. 对某事/某人担心 different (be) diffe
23、rent from 与不同 (be) different to 不关心 familiar (be) familiar with 精通，熟悉 (be) familiar to 为熟知（悉） good (be) good at 擅长于 (be) good for 对有益 (be) good to 对友好/态度好 popular (be) popular with sb. 受欢迎 (be) popular for 因而流行 strict (be) strict with sb. 对某人要求严格 (be) strict in sth. 对某事要求严格 3容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组容易混淆的含有介
24、词固定搭配的词组 类 型 举 例 差一冠词，大相径庭 in front of（在前面)in the front of（在前部） in charge of（负责）in the charge of（由负责） out of question（毫无疑问）out of the question（不可能） at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）at the table（在桌子旁边） 有无介词，意义不同 know sb.认识某人 know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人 shoot at sb.向某人射击 search sb.搜身 search for sb.搜寻某人 believe
25、sb.相信某人的话 believe in sb.信任某人的人格 benefit sb.使某人受益 benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处 画蛇添足，误加介词 serve the people 为人民服务（容易在 serve 后加 for） enter the room 进入房间（容易在 enter 后加 into） follow me 跟在我后面（容易在 follow 后加 behind） marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在 marry 后加 with） go abroad 出国（容易在 go 后面加 to） live upstairs 住在楼上（容易在 live 后面加 in）
26、 母语思维，误用介词 be caught in the rain 被雨淋着（不用 by） leave for some place 动身去某地（不用 to） set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用 for） in the direction 朝着方向（不用 to） do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用 to） different from 和不同（不用 with） with the help of 在的帮助下（不用 under） steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用 of） read sth. to sb.给（为）读（念）（不用 f
27、or） 【难点释疑】【难点释疑】 一、常用介词辨异一、常用介词辨异 1. about，on，of 关于 on 多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于学术上的论文或演说等题目，可供专门研 究这一问题的人阅读，有论及之意。 about 表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有述及之意。 of 作关于讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与 about 意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词 know、hear、learn（听说） 、speak、talk、think、tell 等连用。 2. except，except for，except that，but，beside
28、s，beside except除之外，指不包括，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格） ，还可接介词短语、 副词和动词不定式，此时相当于 but，但不定式常不带 to。 except for除了，只有，意思和 except 一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常 接名词性短语。 except that除了，只是，意思和 except、except for 一样。但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接 when、where 等词引导的其他从句。 but 所含除外的意思不如 except 明确。but 多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词） 之后。 besides 表示除
29、外还有，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides 可用作副词，相当 于 also，有而且，加之，何况之意。 beside 也是介词，表示在附近，只不过形似 besides，容易相互混淆。 如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用 except，否则就用 except for。 3. including，included including 是一个介词，意为包括，它一般放在包括对象的前面。 included 是一个过去分词，意为包括。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。 4. in，later，during 都与时段名词搭配 in 作介词，同时段名词搭配，即in + 时段名词，
30、一般用于将来时。 later 表示以后，常同时段名词搭配，即时段名词 + later，常与过去时连用。 during 作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即during + 时段名词，常与现在时或将来时等连用。 5. in，with，by 用 with 通常指用具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示用某种手段、音调等。 by 作介词表示用时，一般指用方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词 前面一般不加修饰语。 in 指用语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。 二、介词的省略二、介词的省略 1. 当表示时间的词前有 this，that，next，last，every，each
31、，some，any，all 等时，介词常省略。 Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。 2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作每一解时，前面不用介词。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。 3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略 一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spend money/time (in) doing sth， waste money/time (in) doing sth，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth，be b
32、usy doing sth，stop/prevent sb (from) doing sth 等。 三、介词不可遗漏的情况三、介词不可遗漏的情况 1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词 easy，hard，difficult，comfortable 等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词 与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。 The chair is comfortable to sit on/in. 这把椅子坐着舒服。 The man is difficult to work with. 这个人很难共事。 2. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。 The
33、 problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。 3. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。 Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 你应该注意你的发音。 4. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。 The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校 不远。 5. 在 too.to.，enough. to.，so
34、. as to.等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式 的动词为不及物动词， 且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时， 介词不能遗漏。 The ice is too thin to skate on. 冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。 题组一题组一 基础过关基础过关 单句改错单句改错 1. I lent to her some money in order that she could go for a holiday. _ 2. Joe wasted a lot time before he got down to work. _ 3. The biggest pr
35、oblem was in that almost all communication systems were destroyed. _ 4. Only a few months ago, this area suffered by the worst drought in a century. _ 5. It was very kind for them to invite me to visit their country. _ 6. Appreciate and honor what you have instead focusing on what you do not. _ 7. T
36、he boy wanted to join in the army but was turned down because he was under age. _ 8. I just couldnt laugh to his jokes the way I used to. _ 题组二题组二 能力提升能力提升 I.单项单项填空填空 1.This experience teaches me a lesson: Never judge a person simply _ the first impression. A.in the form of B. with the help of C. on
37、 the basis of D.in case of 2.It was quite_ me why people preferred to go to the island on such a cold night. A. against B. over C. beyond D. above 3. _ our disagreements, we have been able to find some common ground. A. Beyond B. For C. Despite D. By 4.Sometimes its tough to get off the couch and go
38、 for a run. With so many digital devices at your fingertips, how can you possibly keep_? A.in turn B.in shape C.in return D.in charge 5.I feel that one of my main duties _a teacher is to help the students to become better learners. A. for B. like C.as D. with 6.These comments came specific questions
39、 often asked by local newsmen. A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of 7.Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work. A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion 8.A common memory they all have_ their scho
40、ol days is the school uniform. A. of B. on C. to D. with 9.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live_nature. A. in view of B. in need of C.in touch with D. in harmony with 10.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Ed
41、ison. A. thanks to B. regardless of C. aside from D. but for II.语篇填空语篇填空 As I walked _1_the city streets，I passed a young man searching through a small block of land that contained a mix of leaves and rubbish. I was somewhat puzzled why someone _2_him would be searching through rubbish. Finding this
42、 a little odd，I asked him，What are you searching _3_？ He replied very simply that he was looking for money. After talking _4_him for a little longer，I found out that he had become homeless after getting laid _5_ from his job. Since then，he had been working _6_ part-time jobs in a doctors office and
43、in a food bank to earn some money. But he made so little that he lost heart. The man seemed fairly talented，although he was a little dirty. I told him that our thoughts create our reality，and I suggested that he not give _7_ and think _8_ a positive way. During the whole talk，what I stressed was tha
44、t he was young and that everything was possible. Although he didnt respond _9_ the spot，my sense told me that what I said seemed to have an effect _10_ him. 题组三题组三 体验真题体验真题 1. （2019 浙江卷 语法填空） But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer _61_ this question is not clear. 2. （2018新课标卷 II完
45、形填空）I still cant believe what a coincidence it was. Im just so glad I was there _60_ to help my son. A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose 3. （2018 新课标卷 II 短文改错） They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. 4. （2018北京卷单项填空） Good morning, Mr. Lees o
