1、1 专题二：定语从句专题二：定语从句 概念：概念： 在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫定语从在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，叫定语从句句 (The Attributive Clause)。 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词 (antecedent)。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词的后面。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词的后面。 The story that you read is interesting. 你看的那部小说是有趣的。 Ahouse that is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake. 建在沙滩上的房子在地震中或许
2、会倒塌。 They planted the trees which didnt need much water. 他们种植了不需要许多水的树。 在上面三个例句中斜体部分都叫定语从句，他们所修饰的词 The story,Ahouse, the trees 都叫先行词。 注注：怎样找出句中的定语从句：若定语从句位于句中若定语从句位于句中，则从名词或代词之后到第二个则从名词或代词之后到第二个（组组）动词之前动词之前 即为定语从句即为定语从句；若定语从句位于句后若定语从句位于句后，则从名词或代词之后一直到句则从名词或代词之后一直到句 末即为定语从句。末即为定语从句。 检验方法是：括号之外为完整的句子，
3、那么你找的定语从句就是正确的了。括号之外为完整的句子，那么你找的定语从句就是正确的了。 附句子成分分析附句子成分分析：定语从句只和三种成分有关：主语主语，宾语和状语宾语和状语。能正确地识别这三种成分对掌握 关系代词和关系副词的用法有很大的帮助，请牢记题例。 Ilove(vt)youvery much. 主语宾语状语 Heruns(vi)quickly. 主语状语 引导定语从句的词叫关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 包括关系代词包括关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which 和关系副词和关系副词 when, where, why。 一、关系代词一、关系代词 who, w
4、hom, whose, that, which 的用法的用法 1. 当先行词是人，当先行词是人，在从句中在从句中作主语时，我们用作主语时，我们用 who/that 来引导来引导，且不能省略，且不能省略。 This is the girl who/that helped me. 这就是帮助我的那名女孩。 The man who/that is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 与我父亲握手的那名男子是位警察。 2. 当先行词是人，当先行词是人，在从句中在从句中作宾语时，我们用作宾语时，我们用 whom/who/that 来引导来引导，可以省
5、略。，可以省略。 The doctor (whom/who/that) you are looking for is in the room. 你正在寻找的那名医生在房间里。 The boy (whom/who/that) you met yesterday is Tom. 昨天你遇见的那个男孩是汤姆。 3. 当先行词是物时当先行词是物时，不论其作主语不论其作主语、宾语宾语，我们都用我们都用 that/which 来引导来引导；当其作主语时当其作主语时，不能省略不能省略； 当其作宾语时，可以省略。当其作宾语时，可以省略。 The book that/which is on the desk i
6、s Toms. 桌子上的那本书是汤姆的。 The noodles (that/which) I cooked were good. 我煮的面条是可口的。 4. 当先行词是人或物时，我们用当先行词是人或物时，我们用 whose 来代替来代替 his/her/its/their 等，即代替相当于汉语中等，即代替相当于汉语中“的的” 的部分。的部分。 Do you know the man whose name is Mr. Smith? 你认识名叫史密斯的那个男子吗？ 2 I live in the room whose window faces north. 我住在窗户朝北的房间里。 注：若关系
7、代词前有介词时，只能用 whom（指人） ，which（指物） ，或 whose，关系代词可以和介词 一起放在先行词和从句之间，这时作宾语的 whom, which 不能省略。 即：介词介词+关系代词（关系代词（whom/which/whose） 1) The man whom/who/that my teacher is talking with is my father. The man with whom my teacher is talking is my father. 与我老师谈话的那名男子是我的父亲。 2) The room that/which I live in is go
8、od. The room in which I live is good. 我居住的房间是好的。 3) The man whose department I once worked in was Mr. King. The man in whose department I once worked was Mr. King. 那名男子是金先生，以前我在他的部门工作过。 但：含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在有关动词的后面。 Is this the book which /that he is looking for? 这是他正在寻找的那本书吗？ The old man whom the
9、 nurses are looking after is very well now. 护士们正在照看的那位老人现在身体很好。 注：“动词+介词” 构成的动词短语在什么样的情况下可以拆开提前， 什么样的情况下不可以拆开提前？ 一般情况下一般情况下，动词短语拆开介词提前动词短语拆开介词提前，意思不变的意思不变的，则可以拆开则可以拆开，如：talk(with)=talk，live(in) =live； 动词短语拆开介词提前动词短语拆开介词提前，意思改变的意思改变的，则不可以拆开则不可以拆开，如：look(for) look，look(after) look。但 look at，listen to，
10、laugh at，belong to，wait for，hand in 等例外，不可以拆开。 练习：用关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which 填空: 1) The earthquake _ hit the city in 1906 was the biggest in American history. 2) We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake. 3) The house _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the e
11、arthquake. 4)Ahouse _ is built on sand may fall down in an earthquake. 5) Luckily the people _ I know were not killed in the earthquake. 6) People _ study the earthquake think that there will be another big one soon. 7) Harry is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher. 8) Miss White is the teacher _ h
12、ouse caught fire last week. 9) The person with _ you just talked is Mr. Li. 10) This is the house in _ I was born. 11) The boy to _ Tom spoke is my friend. 12) The room in _ they lived is in front of our classroom. 13) The map, _ you are looking for, is over there. 14) Betty, _ has never been abroad
13、, is studying English very well. 15) The woman, _ hair is long, is a doctor. (答案：1. that/which; 2. who/that; 3. (that/which) 4. that/which 5. (whom/who/that) 6. who/that 7. whose 8. whose 9. whom; 10. which 11. whom 12. which 13. which 14. who 15. whose) 3 二、关系副词二、关系副词 when, where, why 的用法：的用法： 1. 当
14、先行词是表示时间的名词当先行词是表示时间的名词，在从句中，在从句中作状语作状语时，时，用用 when 来引导。来引导。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得我第一次来北京的那一天。 Well never forget the happy time when we worked on the farm. 我们永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的快乐时光。 2. 当先行词是表示地点的名词当先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中，在从句中作状语作状语时，时，用用 where 来引导。来引导。 This is the house w
15、here we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。 The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父亲工作的那家工厂在城的西部。 3. 当先行词是表示原因的名词当先行词是表示原因的名词，在从句中，在从句中作状语作状语时，时，用用 why 来引导。来引导。 There are several reasons why we cant do that. 我们不能够做那件事的原因有几个。 He couldnt give the reason why he was late. 他不能够给出他迟到的原
16、因。 注：关系副词 when, where, why 也可以用“介词+which”来表示。其中的介词是根据固定搭配来确定 的。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing. This is the house where we lived last year. This is the house in which we lived last year. There are several reasons why w
17、e cant do that. There are several reasons for which we cant do that. 练习：用关系副词 when, where, why 及“介词+which”填空。 1) I will remember the day _ I came here. 2) This is the reason _ he was late. 3) The house _ you were born was sold many years ago. 4) The reason _ he was late was that he was ill. 5) We wi
18、ll never forget the years _ we studied together. 6) This is the farm _ we found the tiger last year. 7) I will never forget the day_ _ I joined the League. 8) This is the farm _ _ they once worked. 9) That is the reason _ _ he was late. 10) The classroom _ _ we study is on the second floor. 三、怎样把两个句
19、子合并成一个定语从句三、怎样把两个句子合并成一个定语从句 1) The book is Toms.It is on the desk. 首先找出先行词首先找出先行词。所谓先行词就是两个句子中相同的部分。在这两个句子中 The book 和 It 是相同的 (答案：1. when 2. why 3. where 4. why 5. when 6. where 7. on which 8. on which 9. for which 10. in which ) 4 部分，都指同一样东西。 其次确定关系词。其次确定关系词。 The book 是物，又因 it 在从句中作主语，所以我们用关系代词 t
20、hat/which。 第三步确定主句第三步确定主句，去掉多余词去掉多余词。在这两个句子中 The book is Toms. 应该是主句，It is on the desk.是从 句。所以应该把 It 去掉换成 which/that。即： The book that/which is on the desk is Toms. 2) The waiter was very friendly and polite.He served us tea. 首先找出先行词。在这两个句子中 The waiter 和 He 是相同的部分，都指同一个人。 其次确定关系词。The waiter 是人，又因 He
21、在从句中作主语，所以我们用关系代词 who/that。 第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中 The waiter was very friendly and polite.应该是主句， He served us tea.是从句。所以应该把 He 去掉换成 who/that。即： The waiter who/that served us tea was very friendly and polite. 3) This is the day.I was born on the day. 首先找出先行词。在这两个句子中 the day 是相同的部分，都指同一个时间。 其次确定关系词。t
22、he day 是时间，又因 on the day 在从句中作状语，所以我们用关系副词 when。 第三步确定主句，去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中 This is the day.应该是主句，I was born on the day.是 从句。所以应该把 on the day 去掉换成 when。即： This is the day when I was born. 4) Lianyungang is a beautiful city.We live in Lianyungang. 首先找出先行词。在这两个句子中 Lianyungang 是相同的部分，他们都指同一个地方。 其次确定关系词。Lia
23、nyungang 是地点，又因 in Lianyungang 在从句中作状语，所以我们用关系 副词 where。 第三步确定主句， 去掉多余词。 在这两个句子中 Lianyungang is a beautiful city.应该是主句， We live in Lianyungang.是从句。所以应该把 in Lianyungang 去掉换成 where。 即： Lianyungang, where we live, is a beautiful city. 练习： 1) This is Tom. He comes from Finland. _. 2) The book is on the
24、floor.You are looking for it. _. 3) This is Kate. You spoke to her father the other day. _. 4) I will never forget the year. I first came to Yunnan that year. _. 5) This was the reason. He was late for the reason. _. 6) The classroom is on the second floor. We study in it. _. (答案：1.This is Tom who/t
25、hat comes from Finland.2. The book that/which you are looking for is on the floor. 3. This is Kate, to whose father you spoke to the other day. 4. I will never forget the year when I first came to Yunnan. 5. This was the reason why he was late. 6. The classroom where we study is on the 5 四、限制性定语从句和非
26、限制性定语从句四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的成分成分，如果去掉如果去掉，主句的意主句的意义义就不完整或失去意义就不完整或失去意义。 这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开。 She found the necklace that she lost two weeks ago. 她找到了两周前她丢失的项链。 The accident happened on the day when I lost my job. 事故发生在我失业的那一天。 2.
27、 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的 意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用 that 引导引导（why 也不能引导非也不能引导非 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句） 。 She heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar. 她听到了一个大的声音，接着变成了可怕的轰鸣声。 John, who speaks Spanish, works
28、 here. 约翰在这儿工作，他讲西班牙语。 Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all wet, started crying. 弗里拉开始哭了，她漂亮的头发和衣服全都湿了。 Yunnan, where we live, is very beautiful. 我们所居住的云南很漂亮。 练习： 1) He works very well, _ makes his boss satisfied. 2) That evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very
29、 late. 3) When did the young man save you? January 1st, 2000, the first day of the new century, _ I can never forget. 4) The letter is from my sister, _ is working in Beijing. 5) Have you seen the film Titanic, _ leading actor is world famous? 6) I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhouwas launched,
30、 _ has a great effect on my life. 7)As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. 8) Mr. King was quickly taken to hospital, _ a doctor wanted to examine his legs. 9) We will put off the outing until next week, _ we wont so busy. 10) _ is said above, the number of t
31、he students in our school has increased. 五、关系代词的选用五、关系代词的选用 一）that 的选用： 在某些特定的先行词后面，先行词指人或物时，一般只用 that，而不用 who 或 which： 1. 先行词先行词为基数词、为基数词、序数词序数词、形容词最高级形容词最高级或或被序数词被序数词、形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用形容词最高级所修饰时，只能用 that。 He brought two cats yesterday. Now I can see the two that are playing there. 昨天他带来两只猫。现在我能看见那两只猫
32、在那儿玩耍。 When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is the Tai Lake. 当我们谈论无锡时，首先进入脑海的是太湖。 This is the best that can be done now. 这是现在能够做的最好的。 This is the last book that I have. 这是我拥有的最后一本书。 (答案：1. which 2. which 3. which 4. who 5. whose 6. when, which 7. which 8. where 9. when 10.As) 6 He
33、 was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一位通过考试的。 English is the most difficult subject that Ive learned. 英语是我学过的最难的科目。 2. 先行词是先行词是 all, few, little, much, many, none, the one, something, nothing, everything, anything 等代等代 词时，只能用词时，只能用 that。 （但先行词是（但先行词是 everyone, anyone 等复合代词时仍使用等复合代词时仍使用 who
34、.） You should hand in all that you have. 你应该上交你所有的一切。 We havent got much that we can give you. 我们没有可以给你的许多东西。 I mean the one that you talked about just now. 我指的是你刚才谈论的那一个。 3. 先行词被先行词被 all, only, any, few, little, some, much, many, no, one of, just the, the very, the right 等修饰等修饰 时，只能用时，只能用 that。 The
35、 only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我能够做的唯一的事情是给你一些钱。 This is one of the films that are interesting. 这是其中一部有趣的电影。 This is the very book that I am looking for. 这就是我正在寻找的那本书。 4. 当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用 that。 Do you know the things and the persons that they are talking about? 你
36、知道他们正在谈论的事情和人吗？ 5. 主句已有疑问词主句已有疑问词 who 或或 which 时，只能用时，只能用 that。 Who is the woman that is talking with our teacher? 和我们老师谈话的那位妇女是谁？ Which is the bike that you lost? 你丢失的自行车是哪一辆？ 6. 一个句子中指一个句子中指物物的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个已用的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个已用 which, 另一个只能用另一个只能用 that。 Edison built up a factory which made th
37、ings that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建立了一个制造以前从未见过东西的工厂。 7. 当先行词在主句中作表语，当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词而关系代词在从句中也作表语时，只能用在从句中也作表语时，只能用 that。 He is no longer the man that he was ten years ago. 他不再是十年前的他了。 He is said to be everything that an honest man should be. 据说他具有诚实人具有的一切。 8. 在在 Here be 或或 There be 开头的句子中，
38、先行词指开头的句子中，先行词指物物时时, 只能用只能用 that。 Here are two books that I will buy. 这儿有我要买的两本书。 There are two novels that I want to read in the library. 图书馆里有我想要看的两部小说。 9. 在句型在句型 It is (high/about) time +定语从句定语从句或或 It is the first time +定语从句中定语从句中，只能用只能用 that。 It is time that we should have a rest. 我们该休息了。 It is
39、high time that they started out. 他们该动身了。 It is the first time that I have come to Lianyungang. 这是我第一次来连云港。 10. 当先行词是疑问代词当先行词是疑问代词 who 时时，只能用只能用 that。 Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 在下棋方面，你曾见过谁能战胜过他？ Who that has feet can run so fast? 有脚的什么样的人能够跑得如此的快？ 练习： 1) Tom is the last boy _
40、 left the room. 2) These were all the books _ I had. 3) This is all _ she said about it. 4) This is the best _ has been used against pollution. 5) He is not the honest boy _ he used to be. 6) It is the first American movie of this kind _ Ive ever seen. 7) It is high time _ they started out. 7 8) Thi
41、s is the biggest animal _ Ive ever seen. 9) Look at the boy and his dog _ are coming this way. 10) Imean the one _ you talked about just now. 11) Which is the book _ you bought yesterday? 12) Who is the girl _ wears a red dress? 13) Its the third time _ you have arrived late this month. 14) Here are
42、 two books _ you are looking for. 15) Is there anything _ I can do for you? 二）which 和 whom 的选用： 在某些特定的情况下，先行词指人或物时，要使用 whom 或 which，一般不用 that: 1. 非限制性定语从句中不用非限制性定语从句中不用 that。 He was very rude to the customs officer, which of course made things even worse. 他对海关官员很粗鲁，当然这使情况更糟糕了。 The doctor, whom you a
43、re looking for, is in the room. 你正在寻找的那名医生在房间里。 2. 介词后不用介词后不用 that。 Do you know the boy to whom I spoke just now? 你认识刚才和我讲话的那个男孩吗？ This is the factory in which he works. 这是他工作的那家工厂。 3. 当先行词是当先行词是 that, those（指物）时，不用（指物）时，不用 that。 Whats that which was put in the car? 放在汽车里的那是什么？ What are those which
44、are thrown away? 被扔掉的那些是什么？ 4. 一个句子中指一个句子中指物物的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个已用的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个已用 that，另一个只能用，另一个只能用 which。 Edison built up a factory that made things which had never been seen before. 爱迪生建立了一个制造以前从未见过东西的工厂。 练习： 1) Whats that _ was put in the box? 2) Let me show you the novel _ I borrowed from t
45、he library _ was newly open to us. 3) He passed the exam, _ made us very happy. 4) Marine creatures are those _ live in the sea. 5) Tibet was the place in _ the boy was born. 6) The woman with _ my father is shaking hands is my French teacher. 7) Bill Gates, for _ money isnt a problem, still lives a
46、 very simple life now. 8) The boss in _ department Mr King worked called at the hospital. 三）who 的选用： 在某些特定的情况下，先行词指人时，一般只用关系代词 who，不用 that: 1. 当先行词当先行词 one, ones, anyone, those 指人时，一般不用指人时，一般不用 that, 用用 who。 Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (答案：1. that 2. that 3. that 4.
47、 that 5. that 6. that 7. that 8. that 9. that 10. that 11. that 12. that 13. that 14. that 15. that) (答案：1. which 2. that/which 3. which 4. which 5. which 6. whom 7. whom 8. whose) 8 最后离开房间的人应该关灯。 Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. 想要去长城的请在这儿签名。 2. 指人的先行词与定语从句之间被其他词分隔时指人的先行词与定语从句之间
48、被其他词分隔时, 用用 who。 I met a foreign student from Nanjing University who could communicate with me in Chinese. 我遇见一位来自南大的外国学生，他能够用汉语和我交流。 3. 在在 Here be 或或 There be 开头的句子中，先行词指人时开头的句子中，先行词指人时, 用用 who。 Here is the man who often comes to my help. 他就是经常帮助我的那名男子。 There are many people who are strongly agains
49、t the plan. 有许多人强烈反对这个计划。 4. 一个句子中指人的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为一个句子中指人的先行词有时带两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为 that，另一个则，另一个则 多用多用 who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是学习非常努力的组长。 He is the only man that I know who is suitable for the job. 他是我认识的能胜任这份工作的唯一的人
50、。 5. 当先行词是当先行词是 I, you, he, they 等时（常用于谚语中等时（常用于谚语中） ，用，用 who。 He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火自焚。 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 练习： 1)Anyone _ does that must be mad. 2) One _ cant respect himself cant respect others. 3) Those _ dare to break the law will be pu
