1、名词名词名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里所给的词变成名词。所给的词变成名词。1. 所填词的特征所填词的特征n前有物主代词如前有物主代词如my, his, her, their, our, your, its 等等n前有冠词如前有冠词如a, an, then前有形容词如前有形容词如large, clever, foolish等等n前有冠词前有冠词+形容词如形容词如 that ancient, the clever 等等n前有不定代词前有不定代词many,
2、 much, a few, a little, several 等等2. 所填词多为抽象名词或表示人的名词。如所填词多为抽象名词或表示人的名词。如decision, illness, protection 等等常见名词后缀常见名词后缀 表示人的名词后缀：表示人的名词后缀：1）-al crime-criminal, 2) an Canada Canadian, Australia-Australian, history historian, music musician 3) ant account accountant, assist assistant4) ar/ er/ or beg-be
3、ggar, lie liar, operate operator, survive survivor, law lawyer village villager, 5) ee employ employee, interview interviewee, 6) ist science scientist, tour tourist, journal journalist, physics physicist 常见名词后缀常见名词后缀 名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况 后缀后缀变换后的词性变换后的词性举例举例-ful形容词形容词（充满）（充满）skill-skillfu
4、l, success-successful-less形容词形容词（无）（无）care-careless, hope-hopeless-al-ic-ical形容词（的）形容词（的）tradition-traditionalindustry-industrialhistory- historical (历史的历史的) -historic(有历史意义的有历史意义的)-ly形容词（品质形容词（品质的）的） friend-friendly, year-yearly-y形容词（充满，形容词（充满，性质）性质）storm-stormy, ease-easy, sun-sunny-ous形容词（多）形容词（多
5、）danger-dangerous -en形容词（的）形容词（的）wood-wooden, gold-golden-ist名词（主义者，名词（主义者，人）人）tour-tourist, journal-journalist-ian名词（人）名词（人）music-musician, history-historian-en动词（使动词（使更更加）加）strength strengthen名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况 巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词n1.We have been informed that the (equip) n_ will be arriving
6、here in ten days.n正确答案：正确答案：equipmentn参考译文：我们已经得到通知，设备参考译文：我们已经得到通知，设备10天天后运到。后运到。n解题分析：空格前有定冠词解题分析：空格前有定冠词the，定冠词，定冠词修饰名词。因此，本题应使用修饰名词。因此，本题应使用equip的名的名词形式词形式equipment。巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词巩固练习巩固练习-名词名词形容词n形容词通常用在系动词后作表语，或用在形容词通常用在系动词后作表语，或用在
7、名词前作定语。名词前作定语。 系表结构中形容词作表语系表结构中形容词作表语 名词前形容词作定语名词前形容词作定语 如果括号内给出形容词，考查比较级、最高级如果括号内给出形容词，考查比较级、最高级形式形式考试中常见句型：考试中常见句型：1) be very + 形容词形容词2) a/ an/ the + 形容词形容词 + 名词名词3) very/ too/ many/ rather + 形容词形容词4) 形容词形容词 + 名词名词常见形容词后缀：常见形容词后缀：n1、- ern 附在表方向的名词后附在表方向的名词后 east eastern north northern south southe
8、rn west western n2、-ful 附在抽象名词后附在抽象名词后 joy joyful peace peaceful skill skillful color colorfuln3、 - ish 附在具体名词后附在具体名词后 fool foolish child childish n常见形容词后缀：常见形容词后缀：4、- less brain brainless color colorless harm harmless home homeless5、- ly father fatherly friend friendly man manly day daily hour hour
9、ly month monthly week weekly year yearly 常见形容词后缀：常见形容词后缀：形容词变换为其他词性的情况形容词变换为其他词性的情况 前缀前缀后缀后缀变换后的词性变换后的词性举例举例un- 形容词（不）形容词（不）lucky-unlucky, able-unable, unnecessary, unimportant, unbelievablein-, il-, im-, ir- 形容词（不，非）形容词（不，非）formal-informal, legal-illegal, irregular, impossible, incompleteen-动词（使成为）
10、动词（使成为）able-enable, courage-encourage -ness名词（状态、性质）名词（状态、性质）happy-happiness, carelessness-ty,-ity名词（抽象名词）名词（抽象名词）difficult-difficulty, possibility -th名词（结果，过程）名词（结果，过程）true-truth, death-age名词（状态，集合）名词（状态，集合）short-shortage-ist名词（主义者，人）名词（主义者，人）special-specialist, socialist-en动词（成为，使成为）动词（成为，使成为）shar
11、p-sharpen, soft-soften-ize动词动词real-realize, modernize-fy动词动词class-classify(分类分类)，simplify(简化简化)-ly副词副词truly, carefully, happily巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词1.In some ways these schools are (differ) _ from Chinese middle schools. 答案：答案：different译文：在某些学校，这些学校不同于中国译文：在某些学校，这些学校不同于中国的中学。的中学。分析：分析：be different from 是固
12、定搭配，是固定搭配，“和和不同不同”。 2. The (create) _ person is always ready to change his or her idea and to challenge the idea of other people and society. 答案：答案：creative译文：富有创造力的人总是随时准备改变译文：富有创造力的人总是随时准备改变自己的主意，而且对他人和社会的观点自己的主意，而且对他人和社会的观点提出质疑。提出质疑。分析：分析：create 是动词，空格前为定冠词，是动词，空格前为定冠词，后面是名词，名词短语做主语，应填上后面是名词，名词短语
13、做主语，应填上create的形容词形式，去的形容词形式，去e加加ive.巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词3. A Youth Hostel is a place that offers a good nights sleep in friendly surroundings at a (reason) _ price. 答案：答案：reasonable译文：青年旅馆是在友好环境中以合适价译文：青年旅馆是在友好环境中以合适价格提供良好住宿的地方。格提供良好住宿的地方。分析：括号中所给的词分析：括号中所给的词reason位于名词位于名词price之前，是修饰之前，是修饰price的定语，因此应的定语
14、，因此应该用该用reason 的形容词形式的形容词形式 reasonable.巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词5. I was (please) _to have received your letter dated May 20th. 答案：答案：pleased译文：我很高兴收到你译文：我很高兴收到你5月月20日写给我的信。日写给我的信。分析：分析：please是动词，但这里应该变成形是动词，但这里应该变成形容词容词pleased后才有后才有“高兴高兴“的意思。的意思。be pleased to do sth. 意为意为”高兴做某事高兴做某事“。巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词6. The te
15、acher said his work was (satisfy) _ but there was still room for improvement. 答案：答案：satisfactory/ satisfying译文：老师说，他的工作另人满意，不过译文：老师说，他的工作另人满意，不过还有改进的余地。还有改进的余地。分析：括号里给出了动词分析：括号里给出了动词satisfy, 根据句根据句意，这里应该用形容词做表语。意，这里应该用形容词做表语。satisfactory/ satisfying都表示都表示“令人令人满意满意“之意，因此都可以用。之意，因此都可以用。巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词
16、 7. I have a (plenty) _ supply of things to keep the children happy when we go on long journeys. 答案：答案：plentiful译文：我可以提供很多的东西让孩子们译文：我可以提供很多的东西让孩子们长途旅行时玩得高兴。长途旅行时玩得高兴。分析：空格前为不定冠词，后是名词，分析：空格前为不定冠词，后是名词，根据上下文，此处应该填上形容词。根据上下文，此处应该填上形容词。Plenty 是名词，形容词是是名词，形容词是plentiful. 巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词8. Living in the co
17、untry is less (expense) _ than living in the city. 答案：答案：expensive译文：农村的生活费比城市的低。译文：农村的生活费比城市的低。分析：分析：be 动词结构。空格后是连词动词结构。空格后是连词than,与形容词比较级连用，因此应该填形与形容词比较级连用，因此应该填形容词。容词。 巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词9. Thanksgiving is a (tradition) _ festival in the US and Canada. 答案：答案：traditional译文：感恩节是美国和加拿大的传统节日。译文：感恩节是美国和加拿
18、大的传统节日。分析：名词短语做表语，空格前是不定冠分析：名词短语做表语，空格前是不定冠词，后面是名词，应填上形容词做表语。词，后面是名词，应填上形容词做表语。巩固练习巩固练习-形容词形容词副词副词ad./adverb常见副词形式常见副词形式n1. 直接加直接加-ly careful - carefully recent - recentlyn2. 以以le结尾的改为结尾的改为ly possible -possibly terrible - terriblyn3. 以以y 结尾的变结尾的变y 为为i 加加 ly sleepy - sleepily lucky - luckily考试中常见句型考试
19、中常见句型1.be (副词副词)adj.动词动词副词副词动词宾语动词宾语副词副词主语主语副词副词动词动词副词副词句子句子副词副词副词副词He has been extremely busy these days.Everything went smoothly.She didnt do it intentionally.She suddenly fell ill.Luckily, Peter was there.He works terribly hard.1.He rushed (danger) _ across the busy street to catch the bus.2.The
20、chairman emphasized his ideas by speaking more (loud) _ .3.Could you go to bed (early) _ than you usually do? 4.There are some more topics to discuss, _ the problem of pollution.A. generally B. especially C. exactly D. probably5.I didnt attend the evening party, but (apparent) _ it was a great succe
21、ss.历年常见考题历年常见考题dangerously loudly earlierBapparently历年常见考题历年常见考题6.I thought his explanation was (unnecessary) _ complex.7.(unfortunate) _, she was got a bad cold and cant attend the conference.8.The little girl gave an (extreme) _ wonderful performance last night.9.Yesterday I was last getting to th
22、e railway station, but (fortunate) _ , the train was late, too.10.The secretary is so efficient that his boss thinks (high) _ of him.unnecessarilyUnfortunatelyextremelyfortunatelyhighly动词nextreturnnextreturnn通常用作谓语通常用作谓语注意注意各种时态各种时态的应用：一般现的应用：一般现在时、一般过去时，一般将来时、现在进行时、在时、一般过去时，一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、
23、过去完成时、将来完过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时n不充当谓语时，又叫非限定形式不充当谓语时，又叫非限定形式(也叫做非谓语形也叫做非谓语形式式)，动词有三种非限定形式，分别为：，动词有三种非限定形式，分别为： 动词不定式动词不定式 (to do sth.)； 动名词动名词 (V-ing)； 分词分词 (现在分词现在分词 V- ing 和过去分词和过去分词 V- ed)。谓语动词的各种时态时体时体主动态主动态（助动词（助动词+主动词）主动词）被动态被动态（助动词（助动词+主动词）主动词）一般现在时一般现在时do /
24、 doesam/are/is +done一般过去时一般过去时didwas/were +done现在进行时现在进行时am/are/is doingam/are/is+being done过去进行时过去进行时was/were doingwas/were+being done现在完成时现在完成时have/has donehave/has+ been done过去完成时过去完成时had donehad + been done现在完成进行时现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去完成进行时过去完成进行时had been doingreturn动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式不定式不定式n
25、不定式时态和语态的变化：不定式时态和语态的变化：主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式to do to be done 进行式进行式to be doing完成式完成式to have doneto have been done3.The couple seated in the restaurant seemed to be having a wonderful time.1.I hope to see you again.2.It is an honour to be asked to speak here. 4.She seems to have read this book befo
26、re.next动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式不定式不定式不定式可作除谓语外的任何句子成分。不定式可作除谓语外的任何句子成分。n作主语时，常放在谓语动词后：作主语时，常放在谓语动词后：e.g. It is hard for me to learn English.n作定语时，须放在被修饰的名作定语时，须放在被修饰的名/代词之后：代词之后：e.g. I have a lot of work to do. There is a long way to go.n不定式作使役动词、感观动词的宾语补足时，常省略不定式作使役动词、感观动词的宾语补足时，常省略“to”:make /let /order/ha
27、ve + sb. do sth.see /watch /hear /feel /notice +sb. do sth.e.g. I saw him go out.n省略不定式符号省略不定式符号“to”的词组还有：的词组还有：have batter、would rather、rather than 、would sooner 、cannot but 、cannot help but 、do nothing thane.g. I can do nothing but wait here.next动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式不定式不定式n作宾语，有些及物动词后只能跟动词的不定作宾语，有些及物动词
28、后只能跟动词的不定式作它的宾语：式作它的宾语： want / hope / agree / promise / mean / decide /expect / manage / pretend / determine+ to do sth.e.g. I mean to do that once again. He promised to give her a birthday present.return动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式动名词动名词n有些及物动词后只能跟动名词作它的宾语：有些及物动词后只能跟动名词作它的宾语：avoid / enjoy / mind / insist on /
29、object to / give up / practise / put off + 名词名词/ doing sth. n动名语作介词的宾语，且有时介词会省略：动名语作介词的宾语，且有时介词会省略：spend (in) doing sth.be no point (in) doing sth.have difficulty (in) doing sth.be busy (in) doing sth.n注意：当注意：当“to”是作介词，而不是不定式的标志时，其后面是作介词，而不是不定式的标志时，其后面应该接名词或者动名词：应该接名词或者动名词：lead to / be used to / loo
30、k forward to / be accustomed to / pay attention to / confess to/contribute to / devote to + 名词名词/ doing sth. return动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式分词分词作状语作状语n现在分词作状语时表示主动，所表示的动作与句子的主语有逻辑现在分词作状语时表示主动，所表示的动作与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系；上的主谓关系； 过去分词作状语时表示被动，它表示的动作与句子的主语间有动过去分词作状语时表示被动，它表示的动作与句子的主语间有动宾的关系。宾的关系。e.g. Following the ma
31、nager, a young lady comes in. If kept in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week.n“with +名词名词/形容词分词（或形容词介词短语）形容词分词（或形容词介词短语）”往往作伴随往往作伴随状语状语e.g. he fell asleep with the lamp burning.作定语作定语n现在分词与修饰的词之间是主动关系，而过去分词是被动关系：现在分词与修饰的词之间是主动关系，而过去分词是被动关系： a moving film 令人感动的电影令人感动的电影 a move
32、d audience 受感动的观众受感动的观众next动词的非限定形式动词的非限定形式分词分词n分词的时态和语态的变化：分词的时态和语态的变化：及物动词及物动词(e.g. write)不及物动词不及物动词(e.g. go)主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态现现在在分分词词一般式一般式 writingbeing writtengoing完成式完成式 having written having been writtenhaving gone过去分词过去分词writtengone非限定性动词练习非限定性动词练习1. while hunting in the forest, _. A. a snake
33、bit her. B. she were bitten by a snake. C. she was bitten by a snake. D. a snake bit her.2. While (cross) _ the street, you must keep your eyes open.3. The girl admitted, after several hours of (question) _, using someone elses credit card.4. The houses are made of wood. Houses so (construct) _are m
34、uch cheaper to build.5. _ by a crowd of spectators, Tom felt nervous. A. Being watched B. Watched C. Watching D. Having watched6. The content is thorough and detailed, _ to business English. A. being paid special attention B. paid special attention C . with special attention being paid D. special at
35、tention paidcrossingbeing questionedconstructedreturn情态动词考点情态动词考点1.should (ought to ) + have + V- ed 表示应该发生却没有发生的事表示应该发生却没有发生的事e.g. We ought to have given you more help. 2. must + have +V- ed 表示对过去事情的肯定推测表示对过去事情的肯定推测,只用于肯定句只用于肯定句e.g. The pond is full of water. It must have rained last night.3. could
36、/can+have+V-ed 表示对过去行为的推测及过去能做而未做的事，是对过去不付表示对过去行为的推测及过去能做而未做的事，是对过去不付诸实施的事情的惋惜。诸实施的事情的惋惜。e.g. He can have finished the work soon.4. 情态动词情态动词+ have + been + v-ing 表示推测某种动作表示推测某种动作 “应当一直在应当一直在-”， “可能一直在可能一直在-”。 e.g. I am sorry we are late. You should have been waiting for us.本应该本应该本可能本可能肯定肯定一直一直return
37、情态动词练习情态动词练习v1.You look so sleepy. You _ to bed very late last night. A. had gone B. were going C. must have gone D. wentv2.She _ letters, for she had a pen in her hand when she came to the door. A. was writing B. had written C. must have written D. must have been writingv3. Mary has got a full mark
38、 in the test. She _ very hard all these days.A. will work B. may work C. must have worked D. could have workedcDc情态动词练习情态动词练习v4. I _ to the library yesterday but I forgot all about it. A. should have gone B. ought to go C. had to go D. should gov5. The book you were looking for might (remove) _, or
39、is temporarily unavailable.v6. Last week he promised that he (come) _ today, but he hasnt arrived yet.have been removedAwould comereturn虚拟语气虚拟语气if 条件句条件句中中的虚拟语气的虚拟语气固定句式固定句式中中的虚拟语气的虚拟语气If 从句从句主句主句1.与现在事实相反与现在事实相反过去式过去式 (be-were)Would/should/could+ 动词原形动词原形 2.与过去事实相反与过去事实相反过去完成式过去完成式Would/should/coul
40、d+ 现在完成时现在完成时 3.与将来事实相反与将来事实相反Were to doshould doWould/should/could+ 动词原形动词原形 1 2 3 4 5 4. 交叉虚拟交叉虚拟 （即时间状语混合）（即时间状语混合） 有时候有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作动作,发生的时间是不一致的发生的时间是不一致的(如下例如下例:一个是一个是过去发生过去发生,一个是现在发生一个是现在发生)例子：例子：if you had taken my advice yesterday, now you would be better. 5.IF 可以省略，引起
41、部分倒装。可以省略，引起部分倒装。 （were, should, had 提前）提前） 当条件从句中出现当条件从句中出现were, should, had 等时等时, 可以将可以将if 省略省略, 把把were, should, had 放在主语的前面放在主语的前面. 例子例子: Had he been here last night, I would have told him the news. 讲解讲解1:If the earth stopped moving, what _ ?a. do you think would happen b. did you think will happ
42、enc. do you think would be happen d. did you think would be happened答案答案: a译文译文: 如果地球停止转动如果地球停止转动,你认为会发生什么事你认为会发生什么事?分析分析: 与现在事实相反的假设与现在事实相反的假设, 主句使用主句使用 would + 动词原形动词原形返回表格返回表格讲解讲解2I didnt see your boss at the meeting. If he (come) _ , I would have told him the news. 答案答案: had come译文译文: 我在会上没有看到你的
43、老板我在会上没有看到你的老板. 如果他来的话如果他来的话,我我早就把消息告诉他了早就把消息告诉他了.分析分析: 主句使用主句使用would have told 表示过去时间表示过去时间, 从从句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气, 故使用故使用 had +过去分词过去分词.返回表格返回表格讲解讲解3If I were to do it, I (do) _it in a different way.答案：答案：would do译文：要是我来做这事，译文：要是我来做这事， 我会是另一种做法。我会是另一种做法。分析：从句使用分析：从句使用 were
44、 to do 表示将来时间，主句表示将来时间，主句的谓语动词也应该使用表示将来情况的虚拟语气，的谓语动词也应该使用表示将来情况的虚拟语气，故使用故使用 would +动词原形动词原形.返回表格返回表格讲解讲解4 If it hadnt rained last night, the ground (not be )_ so wet now.答案：答案：would not be 译文：要是昨晚不下雨，现在地面就不会那么湿。译文：要是昨晚不下雨，现在地面就不会那么湿。分析：从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，分析：从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，所以主句的谓语动词使用所以主句的谓语动词使
45、用 would +动词原形。动词原形。 返回表格返回表格讲解讲解5_ last Friday, he would have got to Paris. a. Had he left b. Would he leave c. If he is to leave d. If he was leaving答案：答案： a译文：要是他上星期五离开，他可能已到达巴黎了。译文：要是他上星期五离开，他可能已到达巴黎了。分析：主句使用分析：主句使用would have got 表示过去时间表示过去时间, 从从句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气, 故从句为故
46、从句为 if he had left. 排除排除c, d 答案。又因为从答案。又因为从句中出现句中出现 had , should, were 等词时，等词时，if 可省略，可省略，同时把这些词提前。同时把这些词提前。返回表格返回表格练习：练习：1. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be2. If I hadnt driven the car yesterday, I (
47、avoid) _ the accident.Dwould have avoided3.You _ the new foreign teacher if you had been here yesterday. a. must have seen b. would have seen c. should see d. had seen4. If I (have) _ your phone number, I would have called you yesterday evening. bhad had5. If it hadnt rained last night, the ground (
48、not be) _ so wet now.6. If you knew me better, you would not (say) _ that.7. If he (be) _ here last night, I would have spoken to him.would not behave said had been8. They might live quite comfortably (be) _ it not for a quarrel with their neighbor.9. Had they time, they certainly _ and help us. a.
49、would come b. had come c. have come d. will come10. If the earth stopped moving, what do you think (happen) _ ?wereawould happen固定句式中的虚拟语气固定句式中的虚拟语气1. suggest, demand, advise, propose 等词引导的宾等词引导的宾语从句中语从句中2. suggestion, proposal 引导的同位语从句中引导的同位语从句中3. It +be+ suggested /demanded + that 从句中从句中 It is + i
50、mportant /necessary + that 从句中从句中4. For fear that (惟恐惟恐), in case, lest (以防以防) 引导的从引导的从句中句中以上四种情况下，从句中的谓语动词是由以上四种情况下，从句中的谓语动词是由 should + 动词原形构成，动词原形构成， should 可以省略。可以省略。1 2 3 45. wish, would rather, if only, as if, as though +从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示与过去
