1、Unit 1 Science and ScientistsReading and ThinkingJohn Snow Defeats “King Cholera”Understand the questioning mind1. How would you describe the photo?Two young girl students are conducting an experiment in a school laboratory, probably to test a theory, verify results, collect data, or develop skills
2、needed in scientific research.2. What scientific equipment can you see in a science laboratory?Safety goggles(防护眼罩), glass rod(玻璃棒), beaker(烧杯), gauze mat(石棉网), tripod(三脚架), Bunsen burner(本生灯), stand(支架), flask(烧瓶), test tube(试管), test tube rack(试管架), etc. analyse the results ask a question draw a c
3、onclusion collect data find a problem find supporting evidence think of a methodDiscuss the following stages of scientific research in groups. What order would you put them in?任务1Two researchers are observing the experiment data.Skim the passage to see if the order you decided in Task 1 was correct.
4、John Snow Defeated King Cholera Who is John Snow?How did he do that?What is King Cholera ?ParagraphMain idea12-345略读课文并理解各段落大意，John Snow在战胜霍乱王的过程中，各项研究工作是怎么开展的？请在10分钟内完成排序任务。 analyse the results ask a question draw a conclusion collect data find a problem find supporting evidence think of a method任务
5、2Background (Who is John Snow?) (What is King Cholera?)How?The TruthResults and SignificanceOr-derStageKey words or sentences1two contradictory theories2in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe. find out why3marketing on a map4especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40;such as 2
6、0 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street5multiple deaths near the water pump；some households had had no deaths；6 a woman and her daughter had died；the woman liked the water from the pump she had it delivered to her house every day7As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announ
7、ce that the pump water carried cholera germs.draw a conclusionthink of a methodcollect dataask a questionfind a problemanalyse the resultsfind supporting evidence任务2Now lets check the right orders in Task 2. analyse the results ask a question draw a conclusion collect data find a problem find suppor
8、ting evidence think of a methodHow does the passage describe the seven stages in John Snows research? Find key words or sentences in the text.Or-derStageKey words or sentences1two contradictory theories2in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe. find out why3marketing on a map4hou
9、se numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40;20 and 21 Broad Street;8 and 9 Cambridge Street5multiple deaths near the water pump;some households had had no deaths6a woman and her daughter had died;the woman liked the water from the pump she had it delivered to her house every day7As a result of this evidence, John
10、 Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.draw a conclusionthink of a methodcollect dataask a questionfind a problemanalyse the resultsfind supporting evidence任务3结构解析Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed
11、how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera
12、. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.In Paragraph 1, it introduces the background information about the disease “cholera” and the doctor John Snow.Cholera used to b
13、e one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a you
14、ng doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.John Snow worked as one of the pionee
15、rs in scientific study in his age. How does the passage describe him from different sides?His job and nationality.What did he think of cholera? The Process of defeating King Cholera. The reason John could defeat King Cholera.结构解析In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to exp
16、lain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Sno
17、w began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.结构解析His job and nationality.What did he think of cholera? The Process of defeating King Cholera. The reason John could
18、 defeat King Cholera.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Stree
19、t) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving
20、 away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that
21、 it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.结构解析 What kind of doctor he was? What did he think of cholera? The process of defeating King Cholera. The reason John could defeat King Cholera.What method did John Snow use in collecting and analysing the data?H
22、ow did he prove his theory to be right? Here provides Snows cholera map in Paragraph 3. Whats the function of maps used in scientific researches?Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especia
23、lly house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the
24、 water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Sno
25、w was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.结构解析结构解析 What kind of map is it? What does“”mean? What does“PH”mean? What does “30, 31,
26、.”refer to? How many deaths were there in house number 19 in Broad Street? Which house numbers had more than four deaths in Broad Street?Which house numbers had no deaths in Broad Street?Where is the pump? To better understand John Snows use of the map. Think about these questions and link up the ma
27、p with solution.The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.
28、 The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each
29、year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the fathe
30、r of modern epidemiology.Text结构解析1. What caused the outbreak of cholera in London in 1854?2. Was cholera completely destroyed?3. How can we prevent cholera?4. What do you learn from John Snow from his work?The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover,
31、Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled wate
32、r.Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to pr
33、event cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.Text结构解析 What kind of doctor he was? What did he think of cholera? The Process of def
34、eating King Cholera. The reason John could defeat King Cholera.It was believed that Cholera was caused by bad _ or germs in _.Snow _ the places where the people who_ had lived.Many deaths occurred near the _ in Broad Street.Some people _ drunk the water from the pump, and lived.A woman and her daugh
35、ter died in another part of London after _.T h e p u m p water carried _.The _ of the pump was removed.airfood or watermarked on a mapdiedwater pumphadntmoving awaycholera germshandleRead the passage again and complete the chart below.Match the following headers with the letters from the chart below
36、. Write A-E in the blanks. 任务41. conclusion _ 2. evidence _ 3. process _ 4. solution _ 5. theories _from Broad Street任务5思考并带着这些问题在课文中找答案思考并带着这些问题在课文中找答案参考答案To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it.To destroy Cholera once and for all.To help him find the reason of the c
37、holera outbreak.Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day. 1. Whats the purpose of the text?2. What inspired John Snow according to the first paragraph?3. Whats the use of John Snows map in his research?4. Why was cholera called “King Cholera” in the text ?In groups, discuss the followi
38、ng questions.(1) What was the most important tool Snow used to defeat cholera? What common medical tools, e.g., a microscope, didnt he use? Why?(2) How has John Snows work affected our daily lives?John Snow, who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, were determined to defeat cholera which
39、 was one of the most feared diseases in the world in the 19th century. (要点1) When cholera broke out in London in 1854, he found out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics.(要点2) Thanks to his effort, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased.(要点3)概要写作：概要写作：根据课本根据课本P2P3P2
40、P3内容写一篇内容写一篇6060词左右的内容概要。词左右的内容概要。任务6背景知识Snows innovative reasoning and approach to the control of this deadly disease remain valid and are considered exemplary for epidemiologists throughout the world. Snows reputation in anesthesiology, specifically in regard to his knowledge of ether and chlorofo
41、rm, was considerable, such that he was asked to administer chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth in 1853 to Prince Leopold and in 1857 to Princess Beatrice. Snows achievements are considered remarkable, given his humble origin and short life; a stroke caused his death at age 45. John Snow
42、 (born March 15, 1813, York, Yorkshire, England died June 16, 1858, London), English physician known for his seminal studies of cholera and widely viewed as the father of contemporary epidemiology. His best-known studies include his investigation of Londons Broad Street cholera outbreak, which occur
43、red in 1854, and his “Grand Experiment”, a study comparing waterborne cholera cases in two regions of the city one receiving sewage-contaminated water and the other receiving relatively clean water. 阅读图表1800Humphry Davy described the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas.1818
44、James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performed the first successful blood transfusion on a patient who had hemorrhaged. 1847Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis found that the incidence of puerperal fever(产褥热,给产妇及婴儿带来极高死亡率), fell considerably if health workers disinfected their hands before touching
45、 the woman during delivery. 1816Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope and pioneered its use in the diagnosis of chest infections. 1842Crawford Long, an American pharmacist and surgeon, was the first doctor to give a patient inhaled ether anesthesia for a surgical procedure.1849Elizabeth Blackwell be
46、came the first fully qualified female doctor in the U.S. and the first female to be on the U.K.s Medical Register. She promoted the education of women in medicine. The rapid development of modern medicine in the 19th century1867Joseph Lister, a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, su
47、ccessfully used phenol then known as carbolic acid to clean wounds and sterilize surgical instruments, resulting in a reduction in postoperative infections. 1890Emil von Behring, a German physiologist, discovered antitoxins and used them to develop vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus. He later recei
48、ved the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.1897Chemists working in the German company Bayer AG produced the first Aspirin. It was a synthetic version of salicin, which they derived from the plant species Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet). Within 2 years, it became a global commercial succes
49、s.187918811882He produced the first laboratory-developed vaccine, which was against chicken cholera.He developed an anthrax vaccine by attenuating the anthrax bacterium with carbolic acid.He managed to prevent rabies in Joseph Meister, a 9-year-old boy, using a postexposure vaccination.1895Wilhelm C
50、onrad Rntgen, a German physicist, discovered X-rays by producing and detecting electromagnetic radiation in this wavelength range. 阅读图表The rapid development of modern medicine in the 19th century1901Karl Landsteiner identified the different blood types and classified them into blood groups.1906Frede
