1、中 西 文 化 比 较思维模式差异思维模式差异Difference inMode of T思维模式差异思维模式差异Difference inMode of TContrast between Western and Chinese CulturesHow Is The Mode of Thinking Formed?Mode of thinking 思维模式思维模式 Human thinking mainly consists of such elements as knowledge,ideology,methodology,intelligence,emotion,willpower,la
2、nguage and habits.The inter-relationship and interaction of these elements form a dynamic complex system known as the mode of thinking.人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系统。复杂的系统。Mode of thinking 思维模式思维模式
3、 The mode of thinking is closely related to the worldview.It is the concentrated embodiment of all cultural and psychological properties and is shaped in a certain historical,social and geographical environment.思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形成
4、。环境中形成。Mode of thinking 思维模式思维模式 Conversely,a persons established mode of thinking conditions and even determines his/her formation of judgment and pattern of behavior in a certain situation.反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他甚至决定他/她在一定场合所形成的判断她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。和行为。Difference in Mode of thinking 思
5、维模式差异思维模式差异 The western mode is linear,inclined to dissect things into parts and analyze their properties,stressing abstract reasoning and characterized mainly by its analytical nature.Linear Analysis and Circular Synthesis The Chinese mode is circular,and tends to synthesize parts and examine the w
6、hole and emphasize the acquisition of intuitive insight with holistic thinking as its main feature.西方模式如同直线切划，细分西方模式如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理明析，注重抽象推理 ，以分析性，以分析性思维为其主要特点。思维为其主要特点。中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟合察，寻求直觉顿悟 ，以综合性，以综合性思维为其主要特点。思维为其主要特点。Plato(428-347 B.C.)柏拉图柏拉图gnosis/knowledge/知识知识noesis/re
7、ason/理性理性dianoia/idea/观念观念pistis/faith/信念信念eikasia/imagination/想想像像Platos divided line of knowledgeA lineofabstraction 线型的线型的 抽象抽象过程过程Eight Trigrams 八卦图八卦图 大人大人者与天地合其德，与日月合者与天地合其德，与日月合其明，与四时合其序，与鬼神合吉凶。其明，与四时合其序，与鬼神合吉凶。周易周易乾卦乾卦文言文言 A great man identifies himself with heaven and earth for virtues,with
8、 the sun and the moon for brightness,with four seasons for order,and with gods and spirits for luck.易经易经：一阴一阳之谓道。：一阴一阳之谓道。Tao consists in Yin and Yang.The Classic of Changes (600 BC)Analytical,abstract,logical分析性、抽象性、逻辑性分析性、抽象性、逻辑性 Holistic,imaginal,intuitive 整体性、形象性、直觉性整体性、形象性、直觉性Concept,judgment,i
9、nference概念、判断、推理概念、判断、推理 Intuition,insight,imagination直觉、顿悟、想象直觉、顿悟、想象 Western Mode Chinese Mode Referring to Western mode of thinking,Qian Xuesen(1986)said:“Abstractive thinking seems to be linear or branch-like.“抽象思维似乎是线抽象思维似乎是线型或枝型的。型或枝型的。”钱学森钱学森 Referring to Chinese mode of thinking,Shen Xiaolon
10、g(1990)said:“This is a circular dialectic mode of thinking with a strong plastic,flexible and stochastic nature.“这是一种有着极强可塑这是一种有着极强可塑性、伸张性、随机性的圆式辩性、伸张性、随机性的圆式辩证思维方式。证思维方式。”申小龙申小龙Mode of thinking 思维模式思维模式Dr.Kaplan:Editor-in-Chief of the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 卡普兰卡普兰 :应用语言学评论年刊应用语言学评论年刊主
11、编主编 Major Differences 主要差异主要差异 Chinese Mode 中国思维模式中国思维模式 Western Mode 西方思维模式西方思维模式 Holistic 整体整体 Analytical 分析分析1 Intuitive 直觉直觉 Logical 逻辑逻辑2 Imaginal 形象形象 Abstract 抽象抽象3 Ethical 伦理伦理 Cognitive 认知认知4 Fuzzy 模糊模糊 Accurate 精确精确5 Intentional 意向意向 Objective 对象对象6 Convergent 求同求同 Divergent 求异求异7 Past-foc
12、used 后馈后馈 Future-focused 前瞻前瞻8 Inward 内向内向 Outward 外向外向9 Inductive 归纳归纳 Deductive 演绎演绎10Chinese ModeWestern ModeHolistic Holistic 整体性整体性Analytical Analytical 分析性分析性 Intuitive Intuitive 直觉性直觉性Logical Logical 逻辑性逻辑性 ImaginalImaginal 形象性形象性Abstract Abstract 抽象性抽象性Ethical Ethical 伦理型伦理型Cognitive Cogniti
13、ve 认知型认知型 Fuzzy Fuzzy 模糊性模糊性Accurate Accurate 精确性精确性Intentional Intentional 意向性意向性Objective Objective 对象性对象性 Convergent Convergent 求同性求同性Divergent Divergent 求异性求异性 Past-focused Past-focused 后馈性后馈性Future-focused Future-focused 前瞻性前瞻性 Inward Inward 内向性内向性Outward Outward 外向性外向性 Inductive Inductive 归纳型归
14、纳型Deductive Deductive 演绎型演绎型 Chinese ModeWestern ModeHolistic Holistic 整体性整体性Analytical Analytical 分析性分析性 Intuitive Intuitive 直觉性直觉性Logical Logical 逻辑性逻辑性 ImaginalImaginal 形象性形象性Abstract Abstract 抽象性抽象性Ethical Ethical 伦理型伦理型Cognitive Cognitive 认知型认知型 Fuzzy Fuzzy 模糊性模糊性Accurate Accurate 精确性精确性Intenti
15、onal Intentional 意向性意向性Objective Objective 对象性对象性 Convergent Convergent 求同性求同性Divergent Divergent 求异性求异性 Past-focused Past-focused 后馈性后馈性Future-focused Future-focused 前瞻性前瞻性 Inward Inward 内向性内向性Outward Outward 外向性外向性 Inductive Inductive 归纳型归纳型Deductive Deductive 演绎型演绎型 Holistic 整体整体 Analytical 分析分析1
16、Nisbetts TestRichard E.NisbettWhat have you seen in the picture below?What have you seen in the picture?Most American Students:(88.5%,May 27,2011)Six tigers frolickingTigers playing aroundTigers skipping about Gamboling tigersTigers fightingTigers attacking each otherTigers hunting for foodMost Chin
17、ese Students:(90.2%,April 17,2011)Six tigers,Mountains,rocksWaterfalls,A stream,Pines and other treesGrass Autograph and seal Holistic 整体整体 Holistic thinking involves an orientation to the context or field as a whole,including attention to relationships between a focal object and the field,and a pre
18、ference for explaining and predicting events on the basis of such relationships.Nisbett（2001）Analytical 分析分析 Analytical thinking involves detachment of the object from its context,a tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to c a t e g o r i e s,a n d a preference for usin
19、g rules about the categories to explain and predict the o b j e c t s b e h a v i o r.Holistic 整体整体 Analytical 分析分析 分析思维倾向于把分析思维倾向于把物体从其情境中物体从其情境中分离分离出出来，关注该物体性质以来，关注该物体性质以便于便于归类归类，并注重运用，并注重运用归类的规则来解释和预归类的规则来解释和预见事物的情状。见事物的情状。整体思维倾向于把整体思维倾向于把情境或场看作是一个情境或场看作是一个整体整体，注重某一突出的物体及其注重某一突出的物体及其场的场的关系关系，并凭借这
20、种关，并凭借这种关系来解释和预见事物的情系来解释和预见事物的情状。状。Holistic 整体整体 Analytical 分析分析 Westerners tend to be analytical and pay more attention to the key,or focal objects in a scene for example,concentration on the woman in the“Mona Lisa”,as opposed to the rocks and sky behind her.Chinese,by contrast,tend to be holistic.
21、They look at the whole picture and rely on contextual information when making decisions and judgments about what they see.Holistic 整体整体 Analytical 分析分析 西方人倾向于分西方人倾向于分析思维，更多地关注析思维，更多地关注某一场景中的主要或某一场景中的主要或突出物体，例如在突出物体，例如在“蒙娜丽莎蒙娜丽莎”这幅画这幅画中，关注画中的人而中，关注画中的人而非她身后的岩石与天非她身后的岩石与天空。空。中国人倾向中国人倾向整体思维，他们往整体思维，他们往
22、往观察整个画面，往观察整个画面，并依靠在情景中所并依靠在情景中所获得的信息对所观获得的信息对所观察事物作出决定和察事物作出决定和判断。判断。Western Encyclopedia arranged by classification Animals,plants,objects are divided,sub-divided 西方的百科全书层层西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。切分，种类归属分明。Classification Units of Plants and Animals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species 界、门、
23、纲、目、科、属、种界、门、纲、目、科、属、种 Chinese Leishu A collection of political,social and ethical data arranged circularly in an emperor-centered fashion.中国古代类书是以皇帝为中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。中心的环式体例。唐代唐代艺文类聚艺文类聚、宋代、宋代太平御览太平御览、明代明代永乐大典永乐大典、清代、清代古今图书集成古今图书集成 Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles t
24、itle,sub-title,chapters,sections,paragraphs,topic sentences 西方文章，标题、章、西方文章，标题、章、节、段细分明切，段中一般节、段细分明切，段中一般都有主题句，脉路清晰，一都有主题句，脉路清晰，一目了然。目了然。Chinese Articles起承转合起承转合:Introduction,elucidation,transition and summing-up着眼点：着眼点：首尾呼应，通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。首尾呼应，通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。Unity,harmony,transition and correspondence a
25、re given much attention.An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement,and then,a series of sub-divisions of that topic,each supported by examples and illustrations,to develop that central idea and relate that idea to other ideas in the whole essay,and to employ that idea to p
26、rove something,or perhaps,to argue something.Robert B.Kaplan 英语说明文的语段通常以英语说明文的语段通常以主题句开始，后接分支部分，主题句开始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例证和解释，以阐每部分都有例证和解释，以阐发中心思想，并使这一语段中发中心思想，并使这一语段中心思想与全文的其它思想相关心思想与全文的其它思想相关联，以此来论证某一观点或提联，以此来论证某一观点或提出某一观点。出某一观点。Robert B.KaplanTopicSubtopicSubtopicSubtopicExamplesIllustrationsExamplesIl
27、lustrationsExamplesIllustrationsTopicSubtopicSubtopicSubtopicExamplesIllustrationsExamplesIllustrationsExamplesIllustrationsSummarySummarySummaryConclusionRobert B.Kaplan Some oriental writing is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection.In this kind of writing,the development of the p
28、aragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening gyre.The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views,but the subject is never looked at directly.Robert B.Kaplan 东方人写的文章具有间接东方人写的文章具有间接入题的特点，可以说，这种文入题的特点，可以说，这种文章语段的展开，就像一个不断章语段的展开，就像一个不断扩展的环在围绕着
29、主题旋转，扩展的环在围绕着主题旋转，通过外围的观点展示主题，却通过外围的观点展示主题，却从不直接入题。从不直接入题。你是彩虹，认为天空伟大，但因你的点缀，你是彩虹，认为天空伟大，但因你的点缀，太空才如此绚丽。题记一只小老鼠羡慕太阳光芒太空才如此绚丽。题记一只小老鼠羡慕太阳光芒万丈的伟大，敬佩云朵遮住阳光的伟大，仰慕风万丈的伟大，敬佩云朵遮住阳光的伟大，仰慕风吹散云的伟大，却忽视了自己钻过墙，也是一种吹散云的伟大，却忽视了自己钻过墙，也是一种伟大。这只小老鼠缺少了自信。伟大。这只小老鼠缺少了自信。谈自信谈自信 Faith is the confident belief or trust in t
30、he truth or trustworthiness of a person,concept or thing.On FaithThe Eight-part Essay The eight-part essay is a kind of stereotyped writing,focusing on the form but lacking in content.The eight parts consist of 4 pairs of parallel or antithetical writings,cycling around the topic and not approaching
31、 the central idea directly.八股文八股文 八股文分为破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、八股文分为破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等组成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等组成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股中股、后股、束股4 4个部分，各有两股互相对应的个部分，各有两股互相对应的文字，共有八股。八股也称八比，比是对偶的意文字，共有八股。八股也称八比，比是对偶的意思。思。Western medicine,examine parts of the body through tests,X-rays,NMR,etc.西医看病，先给病人胸透、西医看病，先给病人
32、胸透、胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，分而检之，再作诊断。分而检之，再作诊断。Chinese medicine,general physical condition,pulse,complexion,tongue coating 中医看病，望、闻、问、中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合切，注意的是全身性的综合症状症状 。Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe,precise quantity of ingredients regular,established procedure 西餐厨师烹饪，各种配西餐厨师烹饪，各
33、种配料严格计量，操作程序步步料严格计量，操作程序步步分清。分清。Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients more attention to the general effect of color,aroma and taste 中餐厨师并不在意配料中餐厨师并不在意配料的严格计量，而是注重色、的严格计量，而是注重色、香、味的总体效果。香、味的总体效果。Western painting accurate one-by-one likeness in appearance with emphasis on details:lines,shades o
34、f color,light spectrum Chinese Painting fuzzy resemblance in spirit or essence with emphasis on general effect by using imagination,exaggeration Western painting 西方油画注重一一对西方油画注重一一对应的精确形似，通过线条、应的精确形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。真。Chinese Painting 中国画追求总体模中国画追求总体模糊神似，运用概括、夸糊神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想张的手法及丰富
35、的联想表现物象的神韵。表现物象的神韵。Intuitive 直觉直觉 Logical 逻辑逻辑2 Intuitive 直觉直觉 Logical 逻辑逻辑 Debate was prominent in ancient Greece,and logic was invented.Logic is applied by stripping away the meaning of statements and leaving only their formal structure intact.This makes it easier to see whether an argument is val
36、id or not.Intuition comes from experience,practice and the 6th sense.It is experience translated by wisdom.Intuitive thinking is nonlinear,like a spark emerging in the maze of illusions.It is the major way by which ancient Chinese saints perceived the world.Intuitive 直觉直觉 Logical 逻辑逻辑 辩论风行于古代希辩论风行于古
37、代希腊，于是逻辑学问世。腊，于是逻辑学问世。运用逻辑，就是剥去说运用逻辑，就是剥去说话的意义，而只留下完话的意义，而只留下完整的形式结构，这样就整的形式结构，这样就比较容易看清某一论点比较容易看清某一论点是否成立。是否成立。直觉来自经验、实践直觉来自经验、实践和和第六感觉第六感觉，它是经，它是经验的睿智阐述。直觉思维验的睿智阐述。直觉思维是非线性的，犹如幻觉迷是非线性的，犹如幻觉迷宫里突然出现的火花，它宫里突然出现的火花，它是中国古代圣哲感知世界是中国古代圣哲感知世界的主要方法。的主要方法。Western Logic Syllogism（三段论法）（三段论法）A 3-step argument
38、:1.Major premise（大前提）（大前提）2.Minor premise（小前提）（小前提）3.Conclusion （结论）（结论）Aristotle formal logic Russell mathematical logicHegel dialectical logic 亚里士多德亚里士多德 形式逻辑形式逻辑罗素罗素 数理逻辑数理逻辑黑格尔黑格尔 辩证逻辑辩证逻辑Examples of Syllogism（三段论法举例）（三段论法举例）Whatever is M is P;S is M;Therefore S is P.All fruits grow on trees.The
39、 apple is a fruit.Therefore,the apple grows on trees.Either P or Q.Not P.Therefore,Q.Either Class A or Class B wins.Class A does not win.Therefore,Class B wins.Examples of Syllogism（三段论法举例）（三段论法举例）Whatever is M is P;S is M;Therefore S is P.All fruits grow on trees.The apple is a fruit.Therefore,the
40、apple grows on trees.All women like shopping.Alice is a woman.Therefore Alice likes shopping.Logic and Accuracy Accuracy results from logical reasoning and the either/or mentality.精确产生于逻辑推理与非此即彼的文化心态。精确产生于逻辑推理与非此即彼的文化心态。The world could be understood through logical approaches to their meaning,withou
41、t reference to the world of the senses.If the senses seemed to contradict conclusions reached from first principles and logic,it was the senses that had to be ignored.Plato Logic and Accuracy The world could be understood through logical approaches to their meaning,without reference to the world of
42、the senses.If the senses seemed to contradict conclusions reached from first principles and logic,it was the senses that had to be ignored.Plato 可以通过逻辑掌握意义，认识世界，而无须可以通过逻辑掌握意义，认识世界，而无须借助感觉。如果感觉与第一原则和逻辑所得出的借助感觉。如果感觉与第一原则和逻辑所得出的结论矛盾，就不必考虑感觉。结论矛盾，就不必考虑感觉。柏柏拉图拉图 Logic and Accuracy Of course we have to th
43、ink accurately!Being the analytical,straight line guy that I am,I have a real problem with fuzzy thinking.I always prefer the straight line approach.Lyman Reed 当然我们必须精确地思考！但作为一个分析当然我们必须精确地思考！但作为一个分析型、直线型的人，我缺乏模糊思维能力，我总是型、直线型的人，我缺乏模糊思维能力，我总是喜欢直线的观点。喜欢直线的观点。莱莱曼曼里德里德 Chinese Intuition Knowledge can be
44、acquired without reasoning.无思无虑始知道无思无虑始知道 庄子庄子知北游知北游 Creativity comes from insight and inspiration.创造来自于顿悟和灵感。创造来自于顿悟和灵感。A purified mind spontaneously attains enlightenment and the natural insight enables one to become a Buddha.心净自悟，顿悟成佛心净自悟，顿悟成佛。禅宗禅宗六祖坛经六祖坛经 Zen Buddhism Chinese Intuition Tao canno
45、t be expressed by words and what can be done so is not Tao.Tao is motionless and shapeless.It can be handed down but not taught and can be attained but not displayed.道不可言，言而非道，道无为无形，可传道不可言，言而非道，道无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见。而不可受，可得而不可见。庄子庄子大宗师大宗师 Chinese Intuition “豁然贯通豁然贯通”成语成语Understand the thorough meaning
46、 suddenly.“恍然大悟恍然大悟”成语成语Be suddenly enlightened.只可意会，不可言传。只可意会，不可言传。成语成语It can be sensed but not expressed in words.Intuition and Fuzziness “道道”、“气气”、“太极太极”Tao，Qi,Tai Chi书不尽言，言不尽意。书不尽言，言不尽意。易经易经 What is written does not express all that one has to say;What is said does not convey all that is on ones
47、 mind.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。道德经道德经The Tao that can be explained is not an eternal Tao;The names that can be named are not eternal names.Logic（逻辑）（逻辑）Intuition（直觉）（直觉）rational rational 理性理性 perceptual perceptual 感性感性definite definite 明晰明晰 fuzzy fuzzy 模糊模糊precise precise 严谨严谨 sagacious sagac
48、ious 睿智睿智deductive deductive 演绎演绎 inductive inductive 归纳归纳 Imaginal 形象形象 Abstract 抽象抽象3a western diagram of lines of abstraction线型抽象线型抽象a Chinese picture ofdouble-fish images双鱼形象双鱼形象天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。Storms gather without warning in nature；bad luck befalls men overnight.Yang Hsien-yi The w
49、eather and human life are both unpredictable.Hawkes人无千日好，花无百日红。人无千日好，花无百日红。Man cannot be always fortunate;flowers do not last forever.Nobody can always be happy.疾风知劲草，患难见真情。疾风知劲草，患难见真情。Strong winds test sturdy grass;calamities reveal true friendship.In calamities one sees true friendship.在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿
50、为连理枝。在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。In the sky,we will be two love birds flying together;on earth we will be twin branches on a tree.We will love and be loyal to each other forever.病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sickness comes like a landslide but goes like reeling silk.Sickness comes suddenly but goes slowly.Abstract co
