1、高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Science And ScientistsReading and Thinking课文原文JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “ KING CHOLERA”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even
2、death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when
3、 she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in foo
4、d or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten
5、days. He was determined to find out why.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 an
6、d 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of c
7、holera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the p
8、ump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies
9、 in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of chole
10、ra around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow tr
11、ansformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.课文译文约输斯诺战胜“霍乱王”在英国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、 脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医
12、生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854 年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有 500 多人死亡。他决心查明原因。斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是 16号、 37 号、 38 号及 40 号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街 20 号和 21 号以及剑桥街 8 号和 9 号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街 7 号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是
13、罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题
14、。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。Using Language课文原文THE FATHER OF CHINAS AEROSPACEPerhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on Chinas aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen a
15、s a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study
16、Railway Mechanical Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate
17、studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other peop
18、le founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASAs leading space-exploration centres.After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a heros welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing Chinas rocke
19、t science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage
20、him from taking on the challenge. When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” his reply was a determined “Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.”Under Qians leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March
21、 rockets. In 1970, China successful launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qians research, Qian earned the name of “the father ofChinas aerospace.”Qian read a lot and was
22、 extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his sci
23、entific research.On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qians death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.课文译文中国航天之父也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们的尊敬，钱学森的故事一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、 勤勉努力、 甘于奉献成就斐然。钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆
24、发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。1935 年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探素中心之一。留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才
25、或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他:”我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？他的回答十分坚定:“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。”在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父”。钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、 富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作
26、带来灵感。2009 年 10 月 31 日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他缅怀他。A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHTStephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused
27、 him to lose the use of most of his muscles his world became one of abstract thought.Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The firs
28、t was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the ques
29、tion and answer period after one of Hoyles lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory-and not the steady state theory-was true. Hawkings own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by ast
30、ronomers with telescopes. A star was born.So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was
31、 quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.课文译文一个纯思维的世界史蒂芬 霍
32、金是物理学界最负盛名、 最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、 只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论：第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终；另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德 霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论
33、的研究。一位明星就此诞生。那么，是什么使史蒂芬 霍金成为一名天呢？除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。Unit 2 BRIDGING CULTUREReading and Thinking课文原文“WELCOME, XIE LEI!” BUSINESS STUDENT BUILDING BRIDGESSix months ago, 19-yea
34、r-old Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends and boarded a plane for London. It was the first time that she had left China. “I was very excited but also quite nervous. I didnt know what to expect,” Xie Lei recalled.Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and
35、 has come to our university on a year-long exchange programme. “I chose the exchange programme because I wanted to learn about global business and improve my English. My ambition is to set up a business in China after graduation,” she explained.At first, Xie Lei had to adapt to life in a different c
36、ountry. “You have to get used to a whole new life.” she said. “I had to earn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didnt know the English names for. When I got lost, I had to ask passers-by for help, but people here speak fast and use words Im not familiar with. I ask them to repea
37、t themselves a lot!”Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation, Xie Lei chose to live with a host family, who can help with her adaptation to the new culture. “When I miss home, I feel comforted to have a second family,” Xie Lei said. “When theres something I dont know or Understand
38、, I can ask them. They are also keen to learn about China. Laura, the daughter of my host family, wants to study in China in the future. We take turns to cook each evening. They really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs! Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to
39、 cook it, too.Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought! Xie Lei was confused because
40、 she thought she knew less than other people. Her tutor advised her to read lots of information in order to form a wise opinion of her own.Xie Lei also found many courses included students participation in class as part of the final result. Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply conc
41、epts, and raise questions, as well as give presentations. At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say, but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. “My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a great success, which boosted my confidence,” s
42、he said. “Ill use these skills back home for presentations. Theyll help me build a strong business in the future.”Now halfway through her exchange year, Xie Lei feels much more at home in the UK. What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to her. “Engaging in British culture has helped,” sh
43、e said. “As well as studying hard, Ive been involved in social activities. British people are fascinated by our culture and eager to learn more about it, so Im keen to share my culture with them. While Im learning about business, Im also acting as a cultural messenger building a bridge between us.”W
44、e will follow Xie Leis progress in later editions, but for now, we wish her all the best.课文译文“欢迎你，谢蕾！”商科学生搭建文化交流的桥梁半年前，19岁的谢蕾告别家人和朋友，登上了飞往伦敦的班机。这是她第一次离开中国。“我很激动，也很紧张，不知道会发生什么。”谢蕾回忆道。谢蕾在中国一所大学攻读商科，来我校参加为期一年的交流项目。“之所以选择这个交流项目，是因为我想了解全球商务，并提高我的英语水平。我的志向是毕业后在中国创办一家企业。”她解释道。起初，谢蕾不得不适应另一个国家的生活。“你必须适应一种全新的
45、生活。”她说。“我必须学会如何使用公共交通工具，以及如何问一些我不知道的英文名字的东西。当我迷路的时候，我不得不向路人寻求帮助，但这里的人们会说话很快，而且会使用我不熟悉的词。我老是让他们重复！”虽然有一些外国学生住在学校宿舍里，但是谢蕾选择住在寄宿家庭有助于她适应异国文化。“当我想念家的时候，我又有了第二个家庭，我感到很安慰。” 谢蕾说。“当我有不知道或不理解的事情时，我可以咨询他们。他们也渴望了解中国。我房东的女儿劳拉，将来想到中国求学。我们每晚轮流做饭，他们真的很爱吃我做的番茄炒蛋！劳拉说，每次闻到香味，她就感到饥肠辘辘，所以我也教她做这道菜。谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。她第一次写论
46、文时，她的导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不过他主要还是想了解她本人的观点！谢蕾很困惑，因为她觉得自己懂得没有别人多。她的导师建议她广泛阅读文献，形成自己睿智的观点。此外，谢蕾发现很多课程的最终成绩都包含学生的课堂参与。学生需要形成观点、 提供例子、 运用概念、 提出问题并且还要进行展示。刚开始的时候，谢蕾不知道该说些什么。但令她惊喜的是，仅仅几周时间，她就能在课堂上大胆发言了。“我的中国传统艺术展示非常成功，提升了我的自信心。”她说，“回国后，我会将这些技能运用到展示中，帮助我未来打造一家强大的企业。”交换生生涯现已过半，谢蕾感觉在英国过得轻松自如多了。以前看似奇怪的事情现在
47、对她来说显得十分平常。“融入英国文化使我受益匪浅。”她说，“努力学习之余我还参加了一些社交活动。英国人对我们的文化十分着迷，并渴望了解更多中国文化，因此我也乐于同他们分享。在我学习商业的同时，我也扮演着文化使者的角色，在中外文化之间架起一座桥梁。我们会在随后的几期中跟踪报道谢蕾的进展情况，但现在我们祝她一切顺利。Using Language课文原文STUDYING ABROAD: IS IT A GOOD OR A BAD IDEA?Dear Editor, In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the n
48、umber of people studying abroad. Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvantages for young people are greater.To begin with, many students who study abroad face great economic pressure. That means studying abroad is just not possible for everyone. Tuition fees and living
49、 expenses are much more expensive than at home and could end up costing most families an arm and a leg. Studying in China is much more convenient and can help save money.Another important factor to consider is the tremendous pressure that comes with studying abroad. Students must learn how to live in an unfamiliar environment with limited language skills. Some may strug
