1、杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸杭 州 师 范 大 学 2014 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题 考试科目代码： 718 考试科目名称： 综合英语 说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。I. Cloze（每小题1分，共30分）Directions: Fill in the blanks with proper words (the first letter is given).Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us, without even real
2、izing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive technology of automated transport. They are indeed (1) w_ which we often take for (2) g_. No. The universal wonder we share and experience is our (3) a_ to make noises with our mouths, and so (4) t_ ideas and thoughts to ea
3、ch others minds. In other words, that wonder is our ability to fashion (5) l_. This ability comes so naturally we are apt to forget what a miracle (6) i_ is. Obviously, the ability to (7) t_ is something that marks humans off from (8) a_. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing. Bats hom
4、e in on flying insects that are their food by (9) m_ of a sophisticated sound system. Birds can (10) n_ thousands of miles by observing positions of the stars in the (11) s_ in relation to the time of day and year. In Natures talent show, humans are a species of animals that have (12) d_ their own s
5、pecial act. If we reduce it to basic terms, it is a knack for communicating (13) i_ to others, by varying (14) s_ we make as we breathe out.Not that we do not have other powers of communication. Out facial (15) e_ convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointment. The way we hold our hea
6、ds can (16) i_ to others (17) w_ we are happy or downcast. This is so-called “(18) b_ language”, and to some (19) e_ we are no different from other animals in this (20) r_. Bristling fur is an unmistakable warning of aggression among many (21) c_. Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows a r
7、eadiness to (22) t_ second place in any animal gathering. Such a means of (23) c_ is a basic mechanism that animals, including human beings, (24) i_ acquire and display. Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct? If so, how did human beings (25) a_ this amazing skill? Biologists can read
8、ily indicate that particular area of our (26) b_ where speech mechanisms (27) f_, but this doesnt tell us how that (28) p_ of our bodies originated in our biological history. It is (29) t_ to think that for our human ancestors acquiring the power of speech was all a (30) m_ of competition. II. Readi
9、ng Comprehension (每小题2分，共60分)Directions: There are 6 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the answer
10、 sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:One of the first men to make a commercial success of food conservation was Henry John Heinz. In 1869 he founded a company in Pittsburgh, USA. Like other Americans of his generation, Heinz made his name a household word throughout the western
11、 world. At last, man seems to have discovered how to preserve food without considerably altering its taste. The tins of food (Heinz tins!) which Captain Scott abandoned in the Antarctic were opened 47 years after his death, and the contents were not only edible, but pleasant.The main argument agains
12、t conserved foods is not that the canning of food makes it taste different; rather, people complain that the recipes which the canning chefs dream up are tedious or tasteless. But any recipe is tedious or tasteless if it is eaten in great quantities. And a company like Heinz can only produce somethi
13、ng if it is going to be eaten in great quantities. The tomato is very pleasant to eat when it is freshly picked. A regular diet of tomatoes alone could well prove tedious. The canning companies try to cook the tomato in as many ways as possible. The Heinz factories in Britain use millions and millio
14、ns of tomatoes every year.There are many people who do not like to eat food out of season. They like their food to be fresh, and they like to cook it themselves in “the old-fashioned way”. It is very difficult for modern man to realize what it is like to live without the advantages of pre-packaged a
15、nd canned food. European society in its present form could not cope without modern methods of food processing. Imagine your local supermarket without all the cans of pre-packaged foods. The supermarket would turn into a chaos of rotten vegetables, stale bread and unhealthy meat. The health problems
16、would be insurmountable, unless we all went into the country to support ourselves.So next time you reject canned food as being tasteless or unimaginative, remember that you can only afford to eat fresh food because canned food exists.1. In which way was Henry John Heinz successful?A He achieved a co
17、mmercial success of food preservation.B He sold his home-made food to Captain Scott.C Divisions of his company were extended throughout the world.D He sailed around the world and reached the Antarctic.2. The main disadvantage of conserved food is _.A the alteration in tasteB the relatively high pric
18、eC the mass-production D the tedious or tasteless recipes3. Why do some people especially dislike canned food?A They know how to preserve food in their own way.B They like food freshly picked.C They dislike foods that are made to a traditional recipe.D They do not like canning chefs.4. What would ha
19、ppen if there were no canned food?A The modern society would not function properly.B Health problems would never be solved.C People would have no food supply and starve to death.D Foods in the supermarket would become stale.5. What is the writers attitude toward canned food?A Approving. B Negative.
20、C Indifferent. D Neutral.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:To understand why the current process for training teachers is so broken, lets use a business example. Imagine two companies. Company A hires the best people it can. Those who are hired are paid and promoted based on perfo
21、rmance. This is not easy, as its often hard to determine who is really doing a good job. The compensation and promotion process is prone to politics and personal preferences.Still, most people at Company A recognize that there is a connection between pay and productivity. The true superstars get rec
22、ognized eventually. Those who come to work but never contribute are fired eventually. Company B also seeks to hire the best people it can. First, all prospective employees must undertake two years of full-time specialized training, at their own expense, just to be considered for a job. Study after s
23、tudy has shown that this training has zero connection to subsequent performance at the firm, but Company B sticks to this screening mechanism anyway.Second, all employees eventually hired by Company B are paid based on their years of experience at the firm. Finally, Company B promises that no one wh
24、o has worked at the company for three years or more will ever be fired, even if their performance is mediocre or poor.In Company B, employees who come to work and dont actually work may get fired. The superstars get nothing extra. They arent paid more or promoted faster, since pay is strictly tied t
25、o years on the job.As you may have guessed, Company B is public education. Company A is the rest of the economy. Thats not news. Much has been written about the broken incentives within education. But this discussion almost always focuses on how compensation practices affect the incentives of existi
26、ng teachers.That makes sensebut it also misses a crucial point. The worst aspect of the public education pay structure is that it discourages motivated, productive, energetic people from entering the profession in the first place. Whats more, despite a steady flow of evidence that our current teache
27、r training requirements have essentially no correlation with performance in the classroom, most states continue to insist that prospective teachers undertake expensive and time-consuming courses. That, too, is a huge deterrent for bright young people who might otherwise be attracted to teaching.6. W
28、hich of the following is TRUE about Company A?A Those who contribute a lot will hardly be recognized. B Employees get promoted according to their performance.C Politics and preferences play decisive roles in ones promotion.D Those who work poorly will continue to stay in the company.7. Employees of
29、Company B will _.A work at least three years for the companyB take specialized training at their own expensesC try to have the best performance to be promotedD get paid according to the years they work for the company8. What does the “this screening mechanism” (Para. 3) refer to?A Whether the prospe
30、ctive employees have the best performance.B Whether the prospective employees have the best qualifications.C Whether the prospective employees are hard working or not.D Whether the prospective employees have taken a specialized training.9. What does the author think about the current process for tra
31、ining teachers?A It affects the behavior of teachers.B It provides fewer chances for talented people.C It makes bright young people unwilling to be a teacher.D It has great influence on the subsequent performance of teachers.10. The word “deterrent” (Para. 8) most probably means _.A threatB decision
32、C conditionD discouragementQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Since January, Lisa, 45, has been walking on eggshells at work. This would be fine if she were a chicken farmer. But Lisa is a hospital research assistant in Columbus, Ohio, and the people in her small department period
33、ically end up tiptoeing around one particular staff member because hes so stressed.“He wont ever tell us whats stressing him out,” says Lisa. “He just becomes sullen and snappish and seems about to come apart. Its hard not to absorb his tension. At the end of the day, Im emotionally exhausted.” Lisa
34、 and five coworkers have each tried to talk to the “dark cloud” as well as to their manager about the problembut to no avail. “Weve reached our breaking point, were so frustrated. He wont let any of us help him and our supervisor, while sympathetic, says she cant require someone to be cheerfulor ple
35、asant, even.”To be sure, dealing with someone elses stress is, well, stressful. While at first you may try to be understanding, eventually, if theres no improvement, you may wind up like Lisa, feeling the strain yourself. In effect, another persons stress can spread like secondhand smoke: It becomes
36、 your problem because youre there.“Other peoples excessive or ongoing stress pollutes the environment,” says Brad Gilbreath, PhD, associate professor of organizational leadership and supervision at Indiana University - Purdue University at Fort Wayne. “It erodes civility and causes anxiety. A stress
37、ed person is a loose cannon. You never know what is going to set him off and when, and thats enormously unsettling.”It seems counterintuitive: You would think that being once removed from the source of stress would help to blunt its harshest effects. But secondhand stress is often just as corrosive,
38、 since youre powerless to deal with it directly. With firsthand stress, after all, you can actconfront your problems, attempt a resolution, count to 10. With secondhand stress, often you cant do much more than stand there and take it.11. Why has Lisa been walking on eggshells at work since January?A
39、 Because she has been working on a chicken farm from then on.B Because she and her coworkers want to learn how to dance on tiptoes. C Because she has been very stressed since January.D Because one of her coworkers has been very stressed from then on. 12. What is NOT true about Lisa and her coworkers
40、?A Lisa and other coworkers wanted to help the depressed person, but he didnt want them to help him.B Lisa and her coworkers work in a small department, so they can not avoid being influenced by the depressed person.C Lisa and her coworkers complained to their manager about the depressed person, but
41、 the manager didnt help them.D Lisa and her coworkers were very frustrated at the beginning, but now they are quite sympathetic.13. What is the similarity between secondhand stress and secondhand smoking?A They are both environmentally dangerous and will contribute to lung cancer.B They both pollute
42、 the environment and will make you emotionally exhausted. C One tends to become addicted to them and will gradually understand them.D One is affected by them because he or she is there and there is no way to escape.14. What does the phrase “a loose cannon” most probably mean?A Something that will po
43、llute the environment sooner or later.B Something that will explode at any unexpected time.C Something that will depress you in the future.D Something that will kill you immediately. 15. What makes secondhand stress more difficult to deal with compared with firsthand stress? A You can not stand ther
44、e and take it.B You can not deal with it directly.C You can not make it less harmful by removing the source of it.D You can not calm yourself down to deal with it. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet o
45、f our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific conc
46、epts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried f
47、acts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or - independently of any course - simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific atti
