1、 英语词类英语词类 句型转换句型转换 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态 某些动词的固定用法某些动词的固定用法 动词不定式和动名词动词不定式和动名词 分词分词(短语短语)作定语和状语作定语和状语 虚拟语气虚拟语气 倒装句倒装句 主谓一致主谓一致 从句讲法一从句讲法一 从句讲法二从句讲法二 情态动词情态动词 独立主格结构独立主格结构 省略句省略句 补充补充主谓一致指导原则:1.语法一致原则(主,谓语在单,复数上的一致)2.意义一致原则(谓语取决于主语的单,复数意义)3.就近原则(谓语决定于最靠近它的词语n.的单,复数形式)语法一致原则:Eg:Many girls want to buy.Every
2、 girl wants to buy.意义一致原则:1可单可复可单可复1.1 集合名词集合名词:family,crew,people,staff,all,etc.用作整体用作整体,谓语用单数谓语用单数;用作个体用作个体,谓语用复数谓语用复数.Eg:My family poor.My family kindly to others.1.2 glasses,trousers,shorts(短语短语),如果之前无单位词而如果之前无单位词而单独使用单独使用,谓语动词用复数谓语动词用复数;否则用单数否则用单数.Eg:My trousers black.One pair of scissors not e
3、nough.1.3 the number of 谓语用单数谓语用单数;a number of谓语用复数谓语用复数.isareisare1.4 关系分句中的主谓一致问题关系分句中的主谓一致问题1)在在“one of +复数名词复数名词+关系分句关系分句”结构中结构中,分句的谓语分句的谓语动词常用复数动词常用复数.Eg.Im one of those people who very happy now.2)如果此结构前有如果此结构前有“the”或或“the only”等限定词或强调词等限定词或强调词时时,关系分句的谓语动词形式依关系分句的谓语动词形式依one而定而定,用单数用单数.Eg.He is
4、 the only one of those boys who willing to help the little girl.1.5 主语主语+as mush as/rather than/more than/no less than,谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定谓语动词形式视主语本身单复数而定.(考点考点:通常该主语是通常该主语是单数第三人称单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数所以谓语用单数)Eg.His brother rather than his parents to blame.My husband,more than anyone else in the family,anxious
5、 to go there again.areisisis1.6 主语主语+as well as/in addition to/with/along with/together with/execpt,谓语动词形式随主语本身而定谓语动词形式随主语本身而定.(考考点点:通常主语是单数第三人称通常主语是单数第三人称,所以谓语用单数所以谓语用单数)Eg.The father,as well as his son,going to travel.2.单数单数2.1 以以-ics结尾的学科名称后结尾的学科名称后,谓语用作单数谓语用作单数.诸如诸如:physics(物理学物理学);mathematics(数
6、学数学);mechanics(机械学机械学);politics(政治学政治学)等等.2.2 固定名词固定名词the United States,the United Nations 等做主等做主语语,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数.is2.3 Many a+单数名词单数名词,随后的谓语动词用单数随后的谓语动词用单数;more than one(语法一致原则语法一致原则),谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数.Eg.Many a student that mistake before.A had made B has been madeC have made D has made2.4 数量词数量词(表距
7、离表距离,金额金额,重量重量,时间等复数名词时间等复数名词),谓语动词谓语动词用单数用单数.Eg.Six months is too short a time for me.Twenty miles is a long way to cover.2.5 名词性分句做主语名词性分句做主语,(what,who,why,how,whether等引等引导的导的),谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数.Eg.What caused the accident is a complete mestery.2.6 不定式和动名词做主语不定式和动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数.D就近原则就近原则3.1 遇到遇
8、到or,nor,eitheror,neither nor,not only but also等等,谓语动词采用谓语动词采用“就近原则就近原则”.Eg.Either my father or my brothers coming.Either my brothers or my father coming.3.2 there be 的存在句型中的存在句型中,主谓一致采用主谓一致采用“就近原则就近原则”Eg.There three apples and one orange on the desk.There one orange and three apples on the desk.isar
9、eareis定语从句(限定性定从&非限定性定从)1)限定性定语从句中,定语从句和它的先行词所指意义之间的联系不可分割,若少了它,则不能表达所需的确切含义.Eg.Success belongs to those students who work hard at ordinary times.2)非限定性定语从句和它的先行词之间的联系则较松散,只是对先行词提供一些补充说明.因此,若省去该从句,不至于影响先行词所指的主要意义.它和主句之间常用逗号分开,引导词不可用that,常用关系代词which,who,as以及关系副词when和where引导.Eg.We will put off the spo
10、rts meet until next week,when the weather may be better.As has been stated,metals have many good properties.1.带前置词的定语从句2.名词(代词或数词)+of+whom/which表示部分与整体关系.3.whose引导定语从句.4.只能用that和who引导的定语从句.5.as引导的定语从句.6.but引导的定语从句.7.一种较特殊的定语从句句式.8.同位语从句名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句在主句中起相当于名词的作用,即它们在复合句中的功用和名词相同,分别做主句的主语,表语和宾
11、语.因此这三种从句合称为名词性从句.)相同点:1)关连词相同 A.主从连词:that,whether,if在从句中只起连接作用不担任成分.B.连接代词:what,which,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等在句中既起连接作用同时又充当主,宾,表,定语等成分.C.连接副词:when,where,how,why在句中既起连接作用又作状语.2)三种从句均不能用逗号与主句分开.3)名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序.1.主语从句主语从句2.表语从句表语从句3.宾语从句宾语从句4.状语从句状语从句1.1主语从句的结构和用法主语从句在复合句中充当主语,主句中的动词多为
12、系动词.经常用来引导主语从句的关联词有主从连词that(无词义),whether(是否),连接代词what(的东西)以及连接副词等.1)有代词what引导的主从表示“的(东西)”其句子结构相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句Eg.What she wants to know is that.她想知道的是那一点.2)有主从连词,连接副词引导.Eg.Whether we shall have the meeting remains uncertain.我们是否开会还不能肯定.How she is still alive is beyond us.她怎么还活着,我们实在弄不明白.3)有连词that引导Eg
13、.That the workers managed to do it is a fact.工人做了这项工作是事实.1.2 用代词it做形式主语的主语从句.通常在主句的动词是连系动词的句子中,把主语从句放在句尾,把代词it(无具体意义)放在句首,作为形式上的主语,避免头重脚轻.Eg.It remains uncertain whether we shall have the meeting.当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西”时及whatever,whichever等关系代词引导的主语从句一般都不用it做形式主语.这种形式的主语从句可以用主从连词that和whether引导,也可以用连接代词或
14、连接副词引导.Eg.It is strange that she didnt come yesterday.1.2.1 it+be+名词+主语从句Eg.It is a pity(a fact,an honour,a shame,a good news,a good thing,no wonder,a deplorable不幸的thing,etc.)that1.2.2 It+be+形容词+主语从句.Eg.It is strange(natural,true,fortunate,obvious,impossible,possible,likely,unlikely,funny,surprising
15、,etc.)that1.2.3 It+be+过去分词+主语从句Eg.It is reported(announced,arranged,decided,expected,stressed,etc.)thatIt is not known(decidedetc.)thatIt must be pointed out thatIt has been discussed that1.2.4 It+不及物动词+主语从句Eg.It happened(seems,turned out,occurred to me,suddenly struck me,etc.)that2.表语从句表语从句在复合句中做表语
16、,位于主句中的连系动词之后.常用来引导表语从句的连接词有that(有时可省略),whether,连接副词where,when,why,how以及连接代词what,还可以由as if,as though引导.2.1 有连接代词what引导.Eg.This is what we want.2.2 由主从连词that引导.Eg.Our teachers idea is that we should do our homework first.2.3 由连接副词how引导.Eg.This is how it happened.事情是这样的。2.4 有as if引导.Eg.It looks as if
17、it is going to rain.天好象要下雨似的。2.5 用在“The reason is that”;“It is because”或“This is because”等句型中.Eg.The reason why she is absent in Beijing is that she went to see her friend.她暂时不在北京的原因是她去看朋友了。This is because you neglected his advice.这是因为你不听他的劝告.3.宾语从句宾语从句做动词的宾语,其位置与陈述句基本结构的宾语相同,同时也可做介词,非限定动词(动词不定式,动名词
18、,分词)及be+某些形容词的宾语.3.1 有连词that引导的定语从句最为普通(that常被省略)Eg.I think that you are right.此类宾语的用法一般有以下几种1)可以跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:see,say,think,insist,wish,deny,expect,agree,believe,decide,declare,explain,hear,feel,imagine,require,mand,etc.2)不可紧跟在某些动词后,这类动词有:let,allow,admire,like,dislike,take,forgive,etc.Eg.I take it
19、that you must understand your mother.我认为你要理解你的母亲.3)可作介词expect,in,but的宾语,即为:except that除了;in that因为,在于;but that要不是,只是Eg.He said nothing except that he was all right.他除了说他很好以外,别的什么都没说.4)可做形容词的宾语:be+形容词+that引导的宾语从句.Eg.I am sure that she will come.以下形容词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句:afraid,aware,anxious,certain,convin
20、ced,surprised,satisfied,proud,sorry,thankful,disappointed,sure,glad,consident,etc.3.2 由连续代词what,主从连词whether,if引导的宾语从句.3.2.1 用在主句的谓语动词后.Eg.I asked him if he would answer my questions.以下的动词或词组后可跟有what,whether等引导的宾语从句:ask,advise,discover,find out,imagine,inform,inquire,know,show,tell,understand,etc.3.2
21、.2 可用在介词后Eg.We are never satisfied with what we have achieved.我们不要满足于已取得的成就Jim was not aware(of)what a mistake he had made.3.2.3 what 引导的从句可做宾语补足语.Eg.You may call me what you like.3.3 由连接副词引导的宾语从句.Eg.I forgot when and where I first met Jane.I can tell you how you can learn swimming quickly.倒装1.省略了连接
22、词if的虚拟条件句,且助动词或系动词为should,had,were时,将should,had,were提到主语之前.2.用于so+adj/adv.+(that)和such+(n.)+(that)引出的结果状语从句中,以加强语气.3.用于as引出的让步状语从句和比较状语从句以及“The more,the more”结构.4当(and)so,(and)either(表示与上述情况同样);(and)neither,(and)nor(表示与上述情况同样不)位于句首时,需将系动词,助动词或情态动词提前,构成倒装句.(#要与所有的系动词,助动词或情态动词在形式上和时态上一致).注意:如果不是表示“与上述
23、情况同样或同样不”,而是表示“句子内容的同意或肯定”,则不能用倒装句.5.当下列表示否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时,句子要倒装,以加强语气或强调:no,hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,rarely,no longer,not until,no sooner(than),hardly(scarely,barely)when,not onlybut also等或only+状语/副词/介词词组.6.当下列表示否定意义的介词短语位于句首时,句子要倒装:at no time,in no case,by no means,in no way,on no consideratio
24、n,by no stretch of the imagination,in o wise.7.当句首为here,there,now,then,hence而谓语为be,go,come等趋向动词,且主语是名词(词组)而非代词时,句子要倒装.8.疑问句,存在句,感叹句,祝愿句中的倒装句式.4.1 概述 动词是用来说明人或事物的行为或状态的词.它和名词是句子最重要的部分,一般来说,一句子中如果没有名词和动词.句子就不能成立.4.2 动词的分类 动词可以分为以下五类:类别 特点 举例 及物动词 (vt.)后接宾语Have you finished your paper?不及物动词 (vi.)不接宾语Do
25、 you often go there?系动词 (link v.)后接表语He is my teacher.助动词 (aux.V.)后接动词原形或分词Do you enjoy your work?情态动词 (mad.V.)后接动词原形Children shouldt be left alone.在很多情况下,一个动词可以用作不同类动词,特别 是有很多动词,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,随 使用场合不同而有所不同,有时意思也有变化.如:作 vt.作 vi.We lit the candle and the The candles on the candle lit the room.Chri
26、stmas tree lit up the room.我们点燃了蜡烛蜡烛照 圣诞树上的蜡烛照亮了房间。亮了房间.This rule cannot be applied I will apply for the jop today.to every case.我今天申请担任那职务。这项规定并非每一案件 都适合.有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语，表达一个概念，作用和一个单独的动词差不多。如：Science has brought about(=cause)many changes in our life.科学为我们生活带来很大变化。Ill have to turn down(=refuse)you
27、r offer.我得拒绝你的提议。其他如：call on=visit care for=like catch on=understand be afraid of=fear come about=happen turn up=appear put off=postpone keep on=continue 这种短语可以称为短语动词（Phrasal Verbs），短语动词主要有下面这些类型：构成方式 举 例动词+副词look up查（字典中的字）give in 让步break out 爆发 carry out 完成 动词+介词turn against 反对 look for 寻找 take fo
28、r 把当作 put on 加到上动词+副词+介词catch on to 理解 talk out of 说服（某人）不做某事 put up with 忍受 get down to 认真地静下心（去工作）动词+名词+介词pay attention to 注意 throw light on 解释Take care of 照顾 put an end to 结束Be+形容词+介词be knee on 热衷于 be interested in 对感兴趣 be familiar to 熟悉 be good at 擅长4.3 动词的基本形式 英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形,第三人称单数现在式、过去式、过去
29、分词和现在分词。这五种形式和助动词一起构成动词的各种时态、语态和语气。现将五种基本形式举例列表如下：原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词dodosediddonedoinghavehashadhadhavinglearnlearnslearnedlearnedlearningaskasksaskedaskedasking动词原形，是前面不加to的动词不定式形式、也就是词典中所给出的动词形式。如：be,do,work,learn等。当主语是第三人称单数，时态是一般现在时时，动词形式应是第三人称单数现在式。如：She works in a factory.她在一家工厂工作。He teach
30、es us English.他教我们英语。第三人称单数现在式一般由动词原形加-s构成。它的拼写应根据下列情况作相应变化：A.以s,z,ch,sh,x,o等字母结尾的动词，后加-es。如：gogoes passpasses catchcatches finishfinishes B.动词过去式和过去分词多数由原形加词尾-ed构成，这类动词称规则动词，在加-ed 时应注意下列情况：fryfries carrycarries动词过去式和过去分词多数由原形加词尾-ed构成，这类动词称为规则动词，在加-ed 时应注意下列情况：A.一般情况下，直接加-ed。如：workworked helphelped
31、B.以字母-e结尾的动词，直接加-d。如：livelived hopehoped C.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先将y改i,再加-ed。如：studystudies carrycarries D.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写这个辅音字母再加-ed。如：stopstopped planplanned有些动词不以上述方法构成过去式和过去分词，而有特别的形式，这种动词称为不规则动词。A.不规则形式有的三个形式完全一样：cost cost cost cut cut cut set set set B.有的后两个形式一样：meet met met sell sold sold lose
32、 lost lost C.有的三个形式完全不一样：do did done begin began begun take took taken现在分词都以动词原形加词尾变化如下：A.一般情况如下，直接加-ing。如：gogoing workworking B.以不读音的字母e结尾的单词，先去掉e，再加上-ing。如：liveliving movemoving C.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写辅音字母，再加-ing。如：sitsitting beginbeginning 4.4 动词的时态 英语的谓语动词有十六种时态，列表如下：一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在teachteach
33、esamIs teaching arehavehas taughthavehas been teaching过去taughtwaswere teachinghad taughthad been teaching将来shallwill teachshall be teaching willshall havewill taughtshall have beenwill teaching过去将来should bewould teachshould bewould teachshould havewould taughtshould have beenwould teachingnow一般过去时一般
34、过去时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时将来完成时将来完成时现在进行时现在进行时一般现在时一般现在时过去进行时过去进行时(1)一般现在时(2)一般现在时的形式(3)一般现在时的构成形式如下：肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I teach.Do I teach?I do not teachDont I teach?He(she)teaches.Does he(she)teach?We do not teach.Dont we teach?We teach.Do we teach?We do not teach.Dont we teach?You teach.Do you t
35、each?You do not teach.Dont you teach?They teach.Do they teach?They do not teach.Dont they teach?一般现在时的用法一般现在时常表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。常用于以下情况：.表示现在时间A.表示现在时间内的习惯性动作或经常性动作。这一用法通常用于动作动词,并常与表示频度的时间状语连用,有时可用表示在一段时间的状语或不用时间或不用时间状语。例如：Class begins at eight every morning.每天上午八点上课。We have meals three times a day.
36、我们一日三餐。He goes to school five days a week.他一星期上学五天。B.表示时间的状语、表示状况主要用状语动词。如：He is very happy。他很幸福快乐。She looks tired.她看起来很疲劳。She is always ready to help others.她总是乐于助人。C.表示现在瞬间的动作 这个瞬间动作是现在说话的这一刹那发生的，只用于动作动词。一些动词解说，如：球赛解说-剧情介绍、惊叹语或一些正式的专门用语一般现在时表示时表示此刻瞬间的动作。如：Henry slips past,passes the ball to Charle
37、s,who jumps,catches and shoots it into the basket.What a beautiful shot!亨利穿过过去，把球传给查理，查理跳起来，抢到球就投进篮里。好球！Here comes the bus!汽车来了！B.用现在时描述过去时间的事实。这种用法多用于描述性文章或口述往事以达到描绘的生动性，使过去事实呈现于读者或听众面前，给人以历历在旷目的的感觉。这种用法叫做历史性现在时。如：Then the man in mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it.I put up hands.
38、Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend!It all was a joke.随后那个戴假面具的人从口袋里掏出左轮手枪，举了起来。我举起了双手。这时那个人突然掀开了假面具，他原来是我的最好朋友。他是跟我开玩笑哩。.表示将来时间A.表示在将来时间一定要发生动作或状态。这些动作或状况一般由于自然日历或时刻表的规定而固定不变或比较不易为变更的。如：B.Tomorrow is Saturday.C.明天是星期天。Now I declare the meeting open.我现在宣布开会。.表示过去时间A.用tell,
39、hear,learn,write,say 等传达信息的动词的现在时，传达在过去时间发出的信息。如：John tells me you are going abroad.约翰告诉我你快出国了。The morning news says it will be very windy all this week.早晨的消息说整个星期都有大风。I learn that you have bought a big refrigerator.我听说你买了一个大冰箱。The meeting beings at 3:00 this afternoon.今天下午3点开会。The flight takes off
40、at 2:30P.M.飞机是下午2：30起飞。B.用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句，表示将来时间表的动作或状况。如：I will call you as soon as I arrive.我一到达，就打电话给你。When he arrives,well go out to meet him.他到的时候，我们就出去迎接他。If you are home this evening,Ill come and see you.如果你今天晚上在家，我就来看你。肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I taught Did I teach?I did not teach Didnt I teach?He(she)Di
41、d he(she)teach?He(she)did not teach.Didnt he(she)teach?We taughtDid we teach?We did not teach.Didnt we teach?You taughtDid you teach?You did not teach.Didnt you teach?They taughtDid they teach?They did not teach.Didnt they teach?2.一般过去时的用法一般过去时常表示过去某一时间发生的动作所发生的动作或存在的状态。一般过去时常和表示过去的状语连用，如 yesterday,
42、last year,a month age,in 1970,in those days.表示过去时间A.表示在过去某个（或某段）时间内发生的动作。如：After nine o clock he washed his clothes.九点以后他洗衣服。In 1966,sixty-five-year-old Chichester went alone on his voyage round the world.1966年，65岁的奇切斯特开始了只身一环球航行。He travelled in Japan last year.他去年在日本旅行。.表示现在时间 在日常会话中，与对方谈话用到want,ho
43、pe,think,wonder 等词要表示礼貌的态度时，可用一般过去时，如：I hoped you would help me solve these problems.我希望你帮助我解决这些问题。I wondered if you would receive my guests for me while I am away.我不在家时，不知你能否为我接待一下我的客人。Did you want anything else?你还要别有吗？.表示现在时间或将来时间在表示非事实句子中，即在虚拟语气的句子中，用过去形式的动词可以表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。如：Its time we went.是我
44、们该走的时候了。B.表示过去时间的状态。如：she was poor and illiterate,but she has become well-educated.从前她人穷又不识字，现在成了一个受过良好教育的人。Jane was here a moment ago.简刚才在这儿。I wasnt in last night.明天晚上我不在家。C.表示过去的习惯动作。如：I smoked forty cigarettes a day till I gave up.我戒烟前每天要抽40支烟。Barbara usually prepared her lessons in the library.芭
45、芭拉过去常在图书馆备课。也可以用used to表示。如：I used to sleep late.我过去常常晚睡。I would rather he came a week later.我宁愿他一个星期以后来。As soon as you get it,mail it to here,Ill be on the look out,so Tom will never know it came.你一拿到它就寄到我这里，我一定留神不让汤姆知道这件事。（3）.一般将来时1.一般将来时的形式肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I shall teach shall I teach?I shall not tea
46、chShall not I teach?He(she)will teachWill he(she)teach?He(she)Will not teach.Willnt he(she)teach?We shall taughtshall we teach?We shall not teach.shall not we teach?You will taughtwill you teach?You will not teach.will not you teach?They will taughtwill they teach?They will not teach.will not they t
47、each?2.一般将来时的用法.一般将来时常用来表示将来时间动作或状况.如:We will find them friendly.我们会发现他们很友好.We will speak at the meeting.我们将在会上发言.It will be cold tomorrow.明天天气会很冷。.一般将来时可用来表示习惯动作或未来的倾向。如：Wherever he goes,he will take an umbrella with him.他不管到哪儿，总是随身带着一把伞。Without TV,families will rediscover more active pastimes.没有电视
48、，各家各户另外找一些更为积极的消遣活动。A drowning man will catch at a straw.快淹死的人连一根稻草也要抓。（谚）.一般将来时还可用于以下情况：A 与状语从句连用，常与表示时间的状语连用。如：When I have time,I ll go to see you.我有时间就去看。Ill ask him as soon as comes back.他一回来我就问他。Ill tell them everything after you leave.你离开后我就告诉他们一切。B 表时间和条件的状语从句一般用一般现在时表示将来，但有时亦可用一般将来时。连词before
49、引导的时间状语从句可用 一般将来时。如：It will be long before he will come back.我要过很久才会回来。You must fill out the application form and be interviewed be fore you will be considered for the job.你必须先填好申请书，经过面谈，然后才会被考虑雇用的问题。V.将来时的多种表示法A“be going to+动词不定式这个结构可以用来表示计划要发生的事。如：He is going to study Spanish at college.他准备在大学学西班牙
50、语。He is going to get married.他快结婚了。They are going to be parents.他们要做父母了。这个结构还可以表示由于客观原因素而产生的未来的动作或状态。如：I think its going to rain.我想要下雨了。The situation is to be favourable to us.形势将对我们有利。The plane is going to take off.B.“be about+不定式”表示“正要”、“刚要”发生的动作。如：We were about to start,when it rained.我们正要动身，却下起雨
