1、Unit 7Time and Space Across CulturesWhat is Time Language?(See Page253-256)How late is“late”?(P.254)In Britain and America,_In Arab countries,_In Italy,_In Ethiopia,_In Java,_In the United States,_In Latin America,_In German,_Time 1)perceptions of past,present,and future2)Halls monochronic and polyc
2、hronic classificationsPast-oriented culturesPeople regard previous experiences and events as most important.They place a primary emphasis on tradition.They show great respect for parents and the elderly.Country:_(P255)Present-oriented culturesPeople regard current experiences as most important.They
3、place a major emphasis on spontaneity and immediacy.They experience each moment as fully as possible.Country:_(P255)Future-oriented culturesPeople believe tomorrow is most important.Current activities are accomplished not for their own sake but for the potential future benefits.Their fate is at leas
4、t partially in their own hands and therefore they can control the consequences of their action.Country:_(P255)What does it mean to intercultural communication?People from present-oriented cultures might view people from past-oriented cultures as too tied to tradition.People from future-oriented cult
5、ures may be regarded as passionless slaves to efficiency and materialism.Time systems(Hall,1976):1)Monochronic Time(M-Time)2)Polychronic Time(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（美国人类学家霍尔（Edward Hall）在）在超越文化（超越文化（Beyond Culture）一书）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即即“单单向计时制向计时制”（monochronic time）和）和“多向计时制多向计时制”（polychron
6、ic time)a.Monochronic time(M-time)b.Polychronic time(P-time)Polychronic time means being involved with many things at once.Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.w Monochronic and polychronic views of time Monochronic Time(M-Time)It schedules one event at a tim
7、e.In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.Country:_(P256)Polychronic Time(P-Time)P-time schedules several activities at the same time.It is more flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvem
8、ent of people more than schedules.They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.Country:_(P256)Monochronic PeopleDo one thing at a time.Concentrate on the job.Take time commitments(deadlines,schedules)seriously.Are committed to the job.Adhere to plans.Polychronic PeopleDo
9、 many things at once.Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions.Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved,if possible.Are committed to people and human relationships.Change plans often and easily.Monochronic PeopleAre concerned about not disturbing others;follow rules of privacy.
10、Show great respect for private property;seldom borrow or lend.Emphasize promptness.Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychronic PeopleAre more concerned with people close to them(family,friends,close business associates)than with privacy.Borrow and lend things often and easily.Base promptn
11、ess on the relationship.Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.Personal SpaceYour personal space is like an invisible bubble that surrounds you.The bubble expands and contracts according to _(P239)Private SpaceShort DistanceMedium DistanceLong DistanceLatinsAmericansJapaneseMediterrane
12、an ArabsNorthern Europeans Mediterranean EuropeansThe size of the private space is influenced by _(P240)Personal Space in the U.S.Intimate distance18”Personal distance18”to 4Social distance4 to 8Public distance8 to 10Concept of TerritorialityDo you knock before you enter someone elses room?Englishma
13、ns home is his castle.This is my car!One-meter lineTouch CultureNontouch CultureArab,Southern and Western Europeans,Jews and LatinsAmericans,Northern Europeans and OrientalsJourard sat in coffee shops in four different cities.Whenever he saw people touch,he recorded the touch.His records are as foll
14、owed:San Juan(Puerto San Juan(Puerto Rico):18Rico):180 Paris:1 Paris:10 Gainesville(Florida):Gainesville(Florida):22 London:London:0International Students HandbookGestures and movementsDirect eye contact is given and expected in return by Americans talking with other people.A smile is the universal
15、sign of greeting and Americans give it freely.People who have good posture usually appear more self-confidentSome Americans tell stories or talk in a dramatic manner,using a lot of hand and body gesturing.These people are considered popular,attractive,and of high social status.Men take up more space
16、 than women in their use of gestures,body posture and movements:Legs spread apart when standingWide use of arms when speakingAnd legs crossed at the ankles when sittingImitating the posture of the persons with whom you are communicating shows you are probably agreeing with them.Some people use a lot
17、 of nodding and smiling as they listen.Others choose to communicate by leaning forward,touching,or use of a conversational style.To touch or not to touch Researchers classify Americans as low touchers in relation to other people of the world.However,touch in a multicultural society is very individua
18、l.You will meet some people who will never touch you,even though they highly prize your friendship.And you will meet others who will touch you often,usually on the shoulders and arms,but such touches will not really express a meaning.Because US society is very aware of the potential for people to us
19、e negative touch to intimidate or threaten,people are careful in how they touch.In the US,touch is used mainly as greeting to say goodbye.Americans can give the feeling of touch(without touching)by allowing others to move in close when talking.Good friends may exchange hugs,friendly punches,kisses,a
20、nd may touch frequently when talking to each other.For acquaintances and superiors,like professors or interviewers,a simple handshake is all that is expected.Some people are high touchers and give friendly arm,back and shoulder touches even to new acquaintances.You will find that some students feel
21、free to show in public what might be considered“private”expressions of affection in your culture.An example might be kissing outside classrooms.Space is jealously guardedPrivacy is the key to understanding the use of space and territory in the USAmericans claim,use and will defend what is their chai
22、r,their television,their stereo,or their kitchen.Most interpersonal disagreements between roommates focus around the use of space and the idea of ownership.For instance:“He drank my milk from my side of the refrigerator!”“She used my stapler and kept it on her desk.”“They just walked in and turned o
23、n my stereo without asking.”“He took five drawers for his clothes and left me just two.”US students feel free to decorate their environments if they have“paid”for them through rent or dorm fees.In general,Americans are generous people who will lend and give freely of possessions,but only to those wh
24、o ask first.Even in public places(library or large dorm lounge),people often“mark”their space by putting down a piece of clothing(coat),books or food to show that,“This place is mine and Ill be right back.Dont come here.”Doors send messages.In almost all cases,the open door says“Im friendly”,and the
25、 closed door suggests“Id rather be alone”.You might shut your door only because you want to study,but you should be aware that others may see that shut door and fairly or not,assume it represents your whole attitude or personality.68 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit is considered a comfortable room temperature.Americans are very aware of scents and smells,judging others and their dwellings by the type and intensity of scents detected.Windows and doors are usually kept wide open to let in“the fresh air”.
