1、1.To understand the function of the past perfect2.To learn the use of the past perfect3.To know something about Lonesome GeorgeLook at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.a.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.b.Many people refused to beli
2、eve that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life.1.In sentence(a),which action happened first,“suspected”or“evolved from a common ancestor”?2.In sentence(b),which action happened first,“refused to believe”or“evolved from lower forms of life”?3.What does the structure had
3、done indicate?1.In sentence(a),which action happened first,“suspected”or“evolved from a common ancestor”?In sentence(a),“evolved form a common ancestor”happened first.2.In sentence(b),which action happened first,“refused to believe”or“evolved from lower forms of life”?In sentence(b),“evolved from lo
4、wer forms of life”happened first.a.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.b.Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life.3.What does the structure had done indicate?It indicates the action happened before a cer
5、tain past action.a.Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,.b.Many people refused to believe that living things,including humans,had evolved from lower forms of life.Now look for more sentences with the past perfect tense in the reading passage,and summarise its use in y
6、our own words.1.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.2.Whats more,he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be“a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.3.After Darwin had spent some time in South American,his room on the shi
7、p was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.4.At that time,people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time,and had not changed.5.It seems their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.6.Over time,it had slowly
8、 evolved into many new species.We use the Past Perfect Tense to say that something had already happened before another past action or specific time in the past.present past past perfecttimethe action which occurs previously in time is expressed in the past perfect tensethe action which occurs later
9、is expressed in the past tense【构成构成】肯定式为肯定式为“had+过去分词过去分词”否定式为否定式为“had not+过去分词过去分词”思考：思考：had在结构中的功能是什么？在结构中的功能是什么？【用法用法】1.表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态态，即，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。eg Before we got to the train station,the train had already left.(我们到达火车站之前，火车就已经离开了。我们到达火车站之前，火车就已经离开了。
10、)助动词助动词过去完成时过去完成时2.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作作，常用的时间状语有，常用的时间状语有be then,by the end of,by the time.eg By the end of last term,we had learnt 2,000 English words.(到上学期期末为止，我们已经学习了到上学期期末为止，我们已经学习了2,000个英语单词了。个英语单词了。)They had lived there for ten years by then.(到那时为止，他们已经在那里住了
11、到那时为止，他们已经在那里住了10年了。年了。)3.表示愿望、打算等的动词，如表示愿望、打算等的动词，如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，intend，plan等后接从句时，一般用过去完成等后接从句时，一般用过去完成时表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。时表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。eg I had intended to meet him at the airport,but I had an important meeting to attend.(我本打算去机场接他，但是我有个重要的会议要参加。我本打算去机场接他，但是我有个重要的会议要参加。
12、)I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.(我原打算今年去度假，可是我离不开。我原打算今年去度假，可是我离不开。)4.在句型在句型hardlywhen和和no soonerthan中，中，主句用过去完成主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示时，从句用一般过去时，表示“一一就就”。eg Hardly had I left when it began to rain.(我刚离开就开始下雨了。我刚离开就开始下雨了。)No sooner had he sat down than the teleph
13、one rang.(他刚坐下，电话铃就响了。他刚坐下，电话铃就响了。)注意部分倒装注意部分倒装5.过去完成时还可用于一些固定句型：过去完成时还可用于一些固定句型：It/This/That was+the first/second.+time+that从句，从句，从句谓语从句谓语常用过去完成时。常用过去完成时。eg It was the first time that we had been to Chicago.It was+一段时间一段时间+since从句从句，从句谓语从句谓语用过去完成时用过去完成时。eg It was two years since he had joined the a
14、rmy.现在完成时与过去完成时的区别现在完成时与过去完成时的区别现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时站在站在“现在现在”的角度回顾过的角度回顾过去，表示一个从过去持续到去，表示一个从过去持续到现在的动作或事件，对现在现在的动作或事件，对现在仍有影响仍有影响站在站在“过去过去”的角度回顾一个更的角度回顾一个更远的过去，强调远的过去，强调“过去的过去过去的过去”。只有和过去的某个时间或某个动只有和过去的某个时间或某个动作相比较时，才用到它。作相比较时，才用到它。have(has)+过去分词过去分词had+过去分词过去分词时间状语常用时间状语常用today,this week,this year
15、,recently等等时间状语常用时间状语常用by,by the end of,by the time,before,when等构成等构成的短语或从句的短语或从句eg We have lived here for ten years.We had lived here for ten years when we had to move last year.I have learnt 2,000 English words so far.I had learnt 2,000 English words till then.Have you read the newspaper today?By
16、the end of August,they had treated over 5,000 patients.一般一般过去时与过去完成时的过去时与过去完成时的区别区别一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时只强调只强调过去过去某一特定的时间某一特定的时间在时间上强调在时间上强调“过去的过去过去的过去”当两个或两个以上接连发生当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用的动作用 and 或或 but 连接时，连接时，按时间顺序，只需用按时间顺序，只需用一般过一般过去时去时在在 after,as soon as 引导的从句引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可
17、以用出时间的先后，因此也可以用过过去时来代替过去完成时去时来代替过去完成时在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词所表示的动作在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词所表示的动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。后发生的则用一般过去时。eg They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.He entered the room,turned on th
18、e light and read an evening paper.She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her,too.She had just won the first place in the composition competition.Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences.The sentences are in the order in which they happened.They can help yo
19、u to decide the use of tenses.Yuan Longping _ to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters _ food shortages in the 1960s.In the end,he _ a better type of rice.beganhad led todevelopedFirstthenled to food shortage began to do research developed a better type1.a Natural disasters led to foo
20、d shortages in the 1960s.b Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.c Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.Gregor Mendel _ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.By the time of his death in 1884,he _ important discoveries about genetics.2.a Gregor Mende
21、l chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.b Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.c Gregor Mendel died in 1884.chose tohad madeComplete the online encyclopedia(百科全书）百科全书）entry with the correct form of the words in the box.Before completing,view
22、a travelers vlog to get some information about Pinta Island pete decline eat live introduce arrive Lonesome GeorgeLonesome George was the last Pinta Island tortoise.He died in 2012.After Georges death,the Pinta Island tortoise was declared extinct.The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blame
23、d on humans.Before humans 1_ on the island,the species 2_ in isolation and 3_ the plants that naturally grew there.arrivedhad livedeatenGeorge was discovered many years after their arrival,and by then humans 4 _ new species that 5_ for the food the tortoises ate.After goats in particular had been br
24、ought to the island,the Pinta Island tortoise population 6_.Eventually,only George remained.had inroducedcompeteddeclinedcompete decline eat live introduce arrive Act out a role-play using the information in Activity 3.One of you will play the keeper of Lonesome George,and the other will play the re
25、porter asking about George.Use the past perfect tense where appropriate.根据句意，给出根据句意，给出decline的意思。的意思。1)The sales declined.2)The first signs of economic decline became visible.3)I invited her to join us,but she declined.v.下降下降n.衰退衰退v.拒绝拒绝1.decline v.:to decrease in quantity or importance 减少，降低减少，降低 n
26、.a decrease in the quality,quantity,or importance of something 衰落，没落衰落，没落;减少，削减减少，削减blame v.to say or think that sb or sth is responsible for sth bad 责怪，指责；把责怪，指责；把归咎于归咎于2.The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.eg I dont blame Jack for the mistake.blame for 因因责怪责怪 Whenever s
27、omething goes wrong,everyone blames it on me.blame on 归咎于归咎于 Which driver was to blame for the accident?be to blame 应受应受的责怪（已经含有的责怪（已经含有“受责怪受责怪”的意思，不的意思，不用被动）用被动）Last Sunday,I(1)_(intend)to go for an outing,but it(2)_(begin)to rain early in the morning.So I went to the movies with my boy friend.By t
28、he time I(3)_(get)up,my dog(4)_(eat)all my breakfast on the table.Then I went to see the film,hungry,but when I(5)_(arrive)at the cinema,the film(6)_(be)on for 20 minutes.Ahad intendedbegangothad eatenarrivedFill in the blanks.had beenIt was the first time that I(7)_(see)a film with my boy friend an
29、d it was the most interesting movie that I(8)_(watch)!Hardly(9)_I _(get)out of the cinema when I met some friends.We had dinner and talked happily.But when I was going to pay,I found my wallet and mobile phone(10)_(steal).What an unlucky day!had seenhad watchedhad gothad been stolenBHardly(1)_I_(get
30、)up this morning when I had a strange feeling that it wasnt going to be my day.I(2)_(intend)to have a big breakfast,but I had no time.I got up so late that I had to hurry to the bus stop to catch my bus.Unfortunately,I(3)_(step)on a banana peel and fell on my backside.had got had intended steppedWha
31、ts worse,by the time I got to the bus stop,the bus(4)_(leave).I had no choice but to run.It was the first time that I(5)_(run)to school.When I got to the classroom,I suddenly realized that it was Sunday.It is the worst day that I(6)_(have)in the past few years.had left had run have had Use the past perfect tense to write at least 5 sentences.
