1、专题二 细节理解,-2-,.词汇复习14(根据汉语提示填入以h开头的单词的适当形式,然后背诵情景,熟记以h开头的课标高频词汇。) 【情景】When I was 1. heading (朝前进) for the hospital beside a hill,I happened to meet handsome little“Ham”.He,3 feet in 2. height (高度),was heating a piece of hamburger over the fire,holding a heavy huge hammer in his hand.How 3. horrible (
2、可怕的) to make a fire here! Without 4. hesitation (犹豫) I went over to help him put out the fire.However,he hid away all his things in a hurry saying he didnt want to be hungry in the 5. harmonious (和谐的) society.I hugged him heatedly and said that he was hopeful to be a hero.But he should be honest.,-3
3、-,译文:我正朝着山边医院走去的时候,正好碰到漂亮的小“汉姆”。他三英尺高,正在火上加热一块汉堡,手里还拿着一把沉重的大锤子。在这里生火是多么可怕呀!我毫不犹豫地走过来,帮他把火扑灭了。但是,他却迅速地藏好了所有的东西,说他不想在这和谐的社会里挨饿。我激动地抱着他说,他有希望成为英雄。但是,他应该诚实。,-4-,.高考范文必背 (2017全国卷) 假定你是李华,正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括: 1.时间和地点; 2.内容:学习唐诗; 3.课前准备:简要了解唐朝的历史。 注意: 1.词数100左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。,-5-,
4、范文 Hi Leslie, Im glad that you have made great progress in Chinese learning.You know it isnt easy to learn a foreign language.But you are so confident and never give up whenever you meet with difficulties.Im sure you will succeed through your hard work. I am writing to tell you that our next Chinese
5、 class is scheduled for next Saturday.You are supposed to arrive at Room 301 before 2 p.m.You are to learn about Tang Poetry,which is a very important part of Chinese culture and history.You will read some famous poems and learn about some well-known poets,like Li Bai,Du Fu and so on.,-6-,By the way
6、,youd better get a brief idea of the history of the Tang Dynasty beforehand so that you can have a better understanding of the poems that we will learn. Yours, Li Hua,-7-,细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解。所谓细节题,是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述进行发问。常见的设题形式有直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用who,what,when,where,why,which和how等
7、提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题等。 抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。解题原则:忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。从近几年的试题来看,对细节理解类题目的考查将由简单的信息寻找转向多层次的细节综合推理。,-8-,一、事实认定类细节理解题 事实认定类细节理解题即我们常说的直接理解题,该类题几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息。常见的命题方式有: 1.特殊疑问句的形式。以when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头引出的
8、问题。 2.判断是非的形式。含有true,false或except等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词,如not,never等。 3.以“according to.”开头的提问形式。 4.填空的形式。,-9-,方法突破 如何快速准确找细节 做细节理解题时,大多数考生易出现的问题是:1.准确率高,但阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧;2.阅读速度快但准确率低。要想快速准确解答此类试题,考生不必通篇细看,而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法(注意记忆关键的词语,如人物、时间、事件、地点等,确定每道题目的发问中心,也就是说,某个问题是针对什么提问的。这样带着问题去阅读文章,或略读,或跳读
9、,快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,比较对照,确定答案。,-10-,注:1.细节理解题的正确选项有以下特征: 对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。如把lose ones job换成be out of work。 词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,如把important改成of importance;改变原文中句子的语态,如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,设置为答案。 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 当然,考生也可以用排除法解细节理解题,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项都排除。,-11-,2.细节理解题
10、干扰项的特点: 是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容; 符合常识,但不是文章的内容; 与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动; 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反; 部分正确,部分错误。,-12-,例(2019全国卷,A) Need a Job This Summer? The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program. N
11、ot a student?Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills,find a job or start businesses all year round. Jobs for Youth If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program,w
12、hich provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training. Who is eligible:Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).,-13-,Summer Company Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses. Who is elig
13、ible:Students aged 15-29,returning to school in the fall. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer. Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 b
14、efore December 31 this year.,-14-,Summer Employment Opportunities(机会) Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program,students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service,its related agencies and community groups. Who is eligible:Students aged 15 or
15、older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.,-15-,21.What is special about Summer Company? A.It requires no training before employment. B.It provides awards for running new businesses. C.It allows one to work in the natural environment. D.It offers
16、more summer job opportunities. 解析:B 细节理解题。根据Summer Company部分的第一句“Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.”可知,Summer Company的特别之处在于它为创业者提供奖金。故选B项。,-16-,演练1It was a fierce mayoral race.Just a few weeks ago
17、,a cat called Buster,was in the lead by 300 votes.But at the last hour,supporters of Pa Kettle,the search and rescue bloodhound(大警犬),pulled out all the stops and the dog with the sad eyes got first place,thus winning the famous title,Mayor of Divide,Colorado. This wild and strange mayoral race is ac
18、tually part of a creative activity to collect money held by the Teller County Regional Animal Shelter.The shelter holds a“special election” every other year to find forever homes for animals in the shelter and raise money.This year,the election brought in $12,000 for the shelter.The Teller County Re
19、gional Animal Shelter greatly depends on the money collected by this mayoral race to carry out their duty.,-17-,Q:Why did the shelter hold the wild mayoral race? A.To help the police protect animals. B.To raise money for the shelter. C.To elect president of Colorado. D.To entertain the people of Div
20、ide.,B,解析:事实认定类细节理解题。根据选文中的“This wild and strange mayoral race is actually part of a creative activity to collect money held by the Teller County Regional Animal Shelter”和“This year,the election brought in $12,000 for the shelter”可知举办这次活动的目的是筹钱。故选B项。,-18-,演练2However,Pace had good news,too.He has als
21、o been testing the air in the US subways.Apart from iron particles,which grind the track by the wheels of the subway,the air in the subway is fresh.The reason is that the subways movement pumps fresh outdoor air into it. Q:According to the text, leads to the fresh air in the US subway. A.the subways
22、 movement B.iron particles C.the subway wheels D.air conditioners,A,-19-,解析:事实认定类细节理解题。根据本段中的“The reason is that the subways movement pumps fresh outdoor air into it”可知,地铁里的空气很新鲜是因为地铁的运行,所以答案为A项。考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词“leads to the fresh air”,然后以此为线索,运用略读及寻读的方法在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,比较所给选项与文中细节的不同,在准
23、确理解细节的前提下,确定答案。,-20-,二、数字计算类细节理解题 数字计算题会出现在多种体裁的文章中,可能涉及年代、人物年龄、需付钱数等方面的数字计算。数字计算类细节理解题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据,找出它们之间的关系,通过计算,得出正确的结论。 常见的命题方式有: What is the cost for a couple and a child? How much will they pay for.? How old was.when.? How long is the history of.? How many days did they stay.?,-21-,方法
24、突破 对于此类题目,应该先阅读题干,然后带着题干中的关键词去读文章,对于数字、时间、年代等应该在读的同时做出标记,以便读完文章后做相应的计算。对于简单的数据,可采用“推算法”,即以有关数据为基准,进行简单的运算。对于数据较多的短文,通常可采用“列表法”,即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出,化模糊为清晰,为计算打下基础。,-22-,例(2018全国卷,C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more
25、 going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when the world had just five to ten million people,they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages betw
26、een them.,-23-,Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially glob
27、alisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.,-24-,At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.Th
28、e general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages,often spoken by many people,while hot,wet zones have lots,often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone ac
29、counts for well over 800.The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that. .,-25-,30.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A.About 6,800. B.About 3,400. C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200. 解析:B
30、数字计算类细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“At present,the world has about 6,800 languages.”和最后一句中的“.is a mere 6,000,which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知,B项正确。,-26-,演练3 A 22-year-old female student named Li Hong,in Beijing,who is planning to do her postgraduate studies in Aus
31、tralia,learned about the change of the policy several weeks ago.“According to the previous deposit requirement,my family was required to put down 550,000 yuan.Now we only need to prepare 410,000 yuan.This is a relief for my parents,” Li says. Q:According to the new regulations,Lis parents can save .
32、 A.550,000 yuan B.140,000 yuan C.410,000 yuan D.86,850 yuan,B,解析:数字计算类细节理解题。由本段中的“According to the previous deposit requirement,my family was required to put down 550,000 yuan.Now we only need to prepare 410,000 yuan.”可知,先前需要的押金为550,000元,现在只需410,000元,因此他们可以节省140,000元。故选B项。,-27-,三、排列顺序类细节理解题 排列顺序类细节理
33、解题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实,然后要求考生根据文章内容对选项中的事实进行排序。这要求考生根据动作发生的时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的时间和事件,把它作为事件发生的起点,然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小,从而快速地选出答案。 常见的命题方式有: What is the right order of the events? If you want to hire a bike,in which order will you do? 这种题型难度较小,一般从阅读材料中可以直接找到答案,但是做这种题时考生容易出错,而且这种题比较耗时间。,-
34、28-,方法突破 1.做这类题时,考生必须先读题目,带着选项去读短文,边读边标出1、2、3、4等,这样读完文章后答案就一目了然了。 2.“首尾定位法”,即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出答案。,-29-,例A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy,nine,restarted father Colms heart by
35、stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother,Debbie,immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father,so decided to use CPR. However,she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough,so she stamped on her fathers c
36、hest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压) until the ambulance arrived.,-30-,Izzy,who has been given a bravery award by her school,said,“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The
37、 doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.” “Shes a little star,” said Debbie.“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just cant believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izz
38、y did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”,-31-,Truck driver Colm,35,suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital,but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second at
39、tack was so serious that his airway swelled,preventing him from breathing,his blood pressure dropped suddenly,and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.,-32-,Q:Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Col
40、ms heart stopped. A. B. C. D. 解析:C 排列顺序类细节理解题。根据文章的叙述可知,女孩以前就学会了CPR,所以答案应当在A项和C项之间选择。她用脚踩父亲胸部显然是在父亲的心脏停止跳动后做的,故排除A项。,-33-,演练4 I read a magazine the other day and a story caught my attention.Marilyn Irlbacher of Nashua,New Hampshire,wrote about an event that took place when she was only 8 years old.A
41、s she told,she was living in a foster home then and worried about the 50 cents she owed her school for several lost books.Unless the money was paid in full,Marilyn would not get her fourth-grade report card. When she was told that,she fled her school in tears.She didnt have any money.And the thought
42、 of asking her foster parents for it terrified her.As she ran down the street,she ran into a tall stranger.,-34-,Here is the rest of the story in her own words: “He asked me what was the matter,and I told him about the 50 cents.He reached into his pocket,took out two quarters,and in a kind voice sai
43、d,Things will be all right now. Overjoyed to have the money,I paid for the books,and got my report card,and shortly after that,my mother was able to take me back to live with her.”,Q:Which is the right order of the events? Marilyn fled her school in tears. Marilyn lost several books. Marilyn got her
44、 fourth-grade report card. Marilyn met a stranger who helped her in her path. A. B. C. D.,D,-35-,解析:排列顺序类细节理解题。从文中的“worried about the 50 cents she owed her school for several lost books.”可知,Marilyn弄丢了学校的书;再从文中的“Unless the money was paid in full,Marilyn would not get her fourth-grade report card”和“Wh
45、en she was told that,she fled her school in tears”可知,当她被告知如果不全额赔偿的话将拿不到成绩单时,她哭着离开了学校;然后从文中的“As she ran down the street,she ran into a tall stranger”以及之后的内容可知,在路上她碰见了一位给予她帮助的陌生人;最后从文中的 “got my report card”可知,她赔了书钱拿到了成绩单。这是文章中事件发展的顺序。因此答案为D项。,-36-,A,B,C,When I began planning to move to Auckland to stu
46、dy,my mother was a little worried about the uncertainty of living in a place that was so different from India,where we lived.She worried particularly about the lack of jobs,the cultural differences and the chance that I would face racism. Despite these worries,I came to New Zealand in July,2009.I ha
47、ve found the place and people very nice and supportive.Soon after I arrived,I realized the importance of getting a job to supply my living expenses. Determined to do this on my own,I spent a whole day going from door to door asking for a job.However,I received little or no response. This became my r
48、outine every day after college for a few weeks.,-37-,A,B,C,One afternoon,I walked into a building to ask if there were any job opportunities.People there were very surprised,and advised me not to continue my job search in that manner.As I was about to leave,a clerk in the building,who had been liste
49、ning to what the others had said, approached me and asked if I would wait outside.Fifteen minutes later, he returned.He asked me what my plans were and encouraged me to stay confident.He then offered to take me to the Royal Oak area to search for a job.,-38-,A,B,C,I was a little surprised,but had a good feeling about him,so I went along.Along the way,I realized that I had run out of copies of my resume(简历).The man stopped at his business partners office to make me 15 extra copies.He also
