1、Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forEnglish Course forFundamentals of ManagementChapter 3Managing by ObjectivesFundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forBrainstorming Please read the passage on Page 51 and fill in the form.What do you think the objects are designed for?Will the preset obje
2、cts affect the following performance of the corporation,the emotion of employees,or the attitude of customers?And why?Please fill in the form based on your own opinion.corporation employees customers Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forEnglish Course forFundamentals of ManagementText AManage
3、ment by Whose Objectives?Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forText AManagement by Whose Objectives?The Nature of MBO Process To predict and judge performance more carefully,and presumably to provide individuals with an opportunity to be self-motivating by setting their own objectives.Reality
4、MBO process is one of the greatest of managerial illusions because it fails to consider the deeper emotional factors of motivation.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?Theme Indicating how MBO is self-defeating and serves simply to increase pressure on the indiv
5、idual.Exploring how MBO or performance appraisal work.Suggesting how objectives might be made into more constructive devices for effective management.Issues mainly focus on psychological considerations.(particularly with the assumptions about motivation that underlie these techniques).Fundamentals o
6、f ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?The“Ideal”Process1.Individual discussion with the superior of the subordinates own job description2.Establishment of the employees short-term performance targets3.Meetings with the superior to discuss the employees progress toward targetsF
7、undamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?The“Ideal”Process4.Establishment of checkpoints to measure progress5.Discussion between superior and subordinate at the end of a defined period to assess the results of the subordinates effortsFundamentals of ManagementEnglish
8、 Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?Problems No matter how detailed the job description,it is essentially static and inflexible.With preestablished goals and,little weight can be given to the areas of discretion open to the individual but not incorporated into a job description or objectives.M
9、ost job descriptions are limited to what employees do in their work.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?Problems If performance review aims to counsel the subordinate,appraisal should consider the total situation in which the superior and subordinate are operat
10、ing.The period of setting objectives is too brief to provide for adequate interaction among different levels of an organization.Coupled with these problems is the difficulty that superiors experience when they appraise.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?Diffic
11、ulties of Appraisal Action of appraisal is rigid The superior regards himself as a dehumanized inspector of products.Managers experience their appraisal of others as a hostile and aggressive act.The appraisal situation triggers powerful,paralyzing feelings of guilt that make it difficult for most ex
12、ecutives to give subordinates critical advice.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forManagement by Whose Objectives?Difficulties of Appraisal Objectivity Plea is Vain Interpersonal relationships among employees.Subordinates inevitably are appraised on how well they work with superiors.The subtl
13、e,nonmeasurable elements of the task will be sacrificed in appraisal of quantification.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forA case example Condition An MBO program has resulted in commendable growth,while an ultimately destructive process is getting underway.An Avalanche of Problems The Misse
14、d PointIt misses the whole human point.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forA case example The Typical MBO Process Top management sets its corporate goal for the coming year.Reporting managers set their own goals which are expected to be higher than those they had the previous year.Reporting
15、managers is responsible for their goals.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forA case example The Typical MBO Process MBO process is based on a short-term,egocentrically oriented perspective and an underlying reward-punishment psychology.MBO permits the manager to determine his or her own bait
16、from a limited range of choices.Work hard to get rewards Be pushed internally by reason of this commitment Be responsible to the organizationFundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forThe Missed Points Personal Goals:Objectives will not have significant incentive power if they are forced choices un
17、related to a persons underlying dreams and personal aspirations.Psychological Needs:The assumption that the employee is interested in working in the companys business rather than her own is impossible.Everyone is always working toward meeting his or her psychological needs.Fundamentals of Management
18、English Course forThe Missed Points The Mutual Task:The highest point of self-motivation arises when there is a complementary conjunction of the individuals needs and the organizations requirements.Long-Run Costs:The issue is particularly relevant for middle-aged,senior-level managers.The issue is n
19、ot so much that they decide to leave,but the cost of the way they depart.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forSuggested Steps Motivational Assessment Group Action Appraisal of AppraisersFundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forSuggested StepsMotivational Assessment Standard for Assessment
20、a)Express the conviction that people are patsies to be driven,urged,and manipulated。b)Foster a genuine partnership between employee and organization.Clues to Assess One clue is how to decide compensation(bonuses).Another clue is the focus of company meetings.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course
21、forSuggested StepsGroup Action Every objectives and appraisal program should include Group goal setting,Group definition of individual and group tasks,Group appraisal of its accomplishments,Group appraisal of each individual members contribution to the group,Shared compensation based on the relative
22、 success with which group goals are achieved.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forSuggested StepsAppraisal of Appraisers Key environmental factor in managerial growth is the relationship between manager and superior.Every management by objectives and appraisal program should include regular a
23、ppraisals of the manager by subordinates,and be reviewed by the managers superior.Objectives should include the managers individual goals and their joint objectives.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forSuggested StepsAppraisal of Appraisers A manager can appraise superiors action and give fee
24、dback.It offers some guidance on the superiors own managerial performance.It provides the supervisor with direct feedback on his or her own behavior.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forThe Basic Consideration“How do we meet both individual and organizational purposes?”The question which fund
25、amental managerial consideration must be focused on.The Crucial Difficulty How can any superior know what a subordinates personal goals?Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forEgo Ideal Subordinates self-examination:Reviewing all of the occupational choices and the reasons for making them.It is
26、helpful to both the individual and the organization if the person can examine and review aloud on a continuing basis personal thoughts in relation to his or her work.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forEgo Ideal Subordinates self-examination:The information serves as a criterion for examinin
27、g the relationship of the employees personal goals to organizational goals.The most important point is the nature of a superior-subordinate relationship that makes it safe to explore personal feelings and gives first consideration to the individual.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forEgo Ide
28、al Superiors introspection:An employee-organization relationship requires the superior to engage in some introspection.If the individual executive cannot be trusted in relationships with subordinates,then he or she cannot have their respect or confidence in any case,and the ordinary MBO appraisal pr
29、ocess simply serves as a management pressure device.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forConclusion Management by objectives and performance appraisal processes are inherently self-defeating over the long run.They are based on a reward-punishment psychology that serves to intensify the pressu
30、re on the individual while really offering a very limited choice of objectives.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forConclusion Management by objectives and performance appraisal processes can be improved.By examining the psychological assumptions underlying them,By extending them to include g
31、roup appraisal and appraisal of superiors by subordinates,By considering the personal goals of the individual first.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forConclusion Such processes would diminish the feeling on the part of the superior that appraisal is a hostile,destructive act.Judgment would
32、occur in a context of continuing consideration for personal needs and reappraisal of organizational and environmental realities.Managers would be freer to evaluate themselves against what has to be done.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forConclusion A continuing process of interchange would
33、counteract the problem of the static job description and provide multiple avenues for feedback on performance and joint action.Work relationships would become dynamic networks for both personal and organizational achievements.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course for Management by objectives(MBO)
34、MBO is a strategic management model that aims to improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees.According to the theory,having a say in goal setting and action plans encourages participation and commitment among employees
35、,as well as aligning objectives across the organization.Related Theories Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course for Management by objectives(MBO)The term was first outlined by management guru Peter Drucker in his 1954 book,The Practice of Management.In MBO,goals are expected to be SMART.Related Theories Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forText BGoal Setting Case Study Please read Text B and finish the group work.Fundamentals of ManagementEnglish Course forText CMcKinsey and Co.Case Study Summary Please read Text C and finish the discussion.
