1、1 Introduction The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S.history.Largely as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement(奴役)of black people.2 The war broke out in April 1861,when
2、 secessionist forces（反对势力）attacked Fort Sumter（萨姆特堡）in South Carolina,shortly after United States President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated.The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution（宪法）.They faced secessionists of the Confederate States（同盟国）in the South,who advo
3、cated for states rights to uphold slavery（奴隶制）.3 Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement,primarily of Africans and African Americans,that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.在美国，奴隶制是人类的动产，主要是非洲人和非裔美国人，在18世纪和19世纪存在于美利坚合众国。
4、4 Slavery had been practiced in British America from early colonial days（殖民时代）,and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.奴隶制已经从早期在英国美国殖民时期(殖民时代),和当时在所有13个殖民地法律在1776年的独立宣言。5 It lasted in about half the states until 1865,when it was prohibited nation
5、ally by the Thirteenth Amendment.直到1865年，它一直持续到大约一半的州，直到第十三修正案在全国范围内被禁止。6 Slavery in the United States7 1.Slavery Slavery was a major cause of disunion.Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the Souths economy,due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and
6、fears of integrating the ex-slave black population.8 2.Territorial crisis(领土危机)Between 1803 and 1854,the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase,negotiation,and conquest.At first,the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally
7、between slave and free states.It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided.9 10 3.Lincolns election（林肯的当选）The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession.11 Lincolns IntroductionAbraham Lincoln(February 12,18
8、09-April 15,1865),republican,American statesman,thinker,strategist,abolitionist of black slavery.The 16th President of the United States,his presidency,the United States civil war,known as the civil war,Lincoln firmly opposed to the nation divided.He abolished slavery in the rebellious states,and en
9、acted the homestead act and the emancipation proclamation.Lincoln defeated the secessionists in the south and defended the United States of America and its territories as equal to all human beings.Shortly after the end of the civil war,Lincoln was assassinated,the first President of the United State
10、s,and the first republican President,repeatedly rated the greatest President.The front of the latest$5 bill is a photo of Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕林肯（Abraham Lincoln，1809年2月12日1865年4月15日），共和党人，美国政治家、思想家、战略家，黑人奴隶制的废除者。第16任美国总统，其任总统期间，美国爆发内战，史称南北战争，林肯坚决反对国家分裂。他废除了叛乱各州的奴隶制度，颁布了宅地法、解放黑人奴隶宣言。林肯击败了南方分离势力，维护了美利坚
11、联邦及其领土上不分人种、人人生而平等的权利。内战结束后不久，林肯遇刺身亡，是第一个遭遇刺杀的美国总统，也是首位共和党籍总统，多次被评价为最伟大的总统。最新版5美元纸币正面是亚伯拉罕林肯的照片。12 Union victory and aftermathThe war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties(3 percent of the population),including about 620,000 soldier deathstwo-thirds by disease,and 50,000 civilians.Binghamton Uni
12、versity historian J.David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000,20 percent higher than traditionally estimated,and possibly as high as 850,000.The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S.wars combined.这场战争造成至少1030000人伤亡（占总人口的3%），包括620000名士兵死亡（三分之
13、二死于疾病）和50000名平民。宾汉顿大学的历史学家J.David Hacker相信士兵的死亡人数大约是75万，比传统估计高出20%，可能高达85万。13 Based on 1860 figures,8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war,including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South.About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War.根据1860年的数字，13-43岁的白人男性
14、中有8%死于战争，包括北方的6%和南方的18%。大约56000名士兵在战俘营中阵亡。14 Union flag15 Confederate Army flag16 Confederate Army flagThe Confederate States of America,also known as the Confederacy,the Confederacy,the CSA,the Confederacy,or Dixie(Dixie)-was a state created from 1861 to 1865 by the American civil war.It is located
15、 in North America and consists of parts of the southern United States today.In its short national zuo,it has been fighting with the federal government for its survival,so the alliance has no exact northern border.Its southern border coincides with Mexicos northern border,and its eastern and western
16、borders are the gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean.美利坚联盟国（英文：the Confederate States of America），又称邦联州、南方Confederacy、CSA、邦联或Dixie（迪克西）是自1861年至1865年因美国内战而建立的政权。它位于北美，由今天美国南部的一部分地域组成。在其短暂的国祚内，一直为着自身存亡与联邦政府军作战，故联盟国政权并无确切的北部边界。其南部边界与墨西哥北界一致，东西边界则是墨西哥湾和大西洋。17 InfluencesThe Civil War destroyed slavery.T
17、he Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution（第二次资产阶级革命）in American history,it solved the peasant land problem better,safeguarded national unity,and cleared the way for the accelerated development of American capitalism.The United States has laid the foundation for being among the worlds powers.18 19 20
