1、 具体抽象 turn thumbs down on sth 反对 put ones cards on the table 表露观点 break the ice 打破僵局 get the green light 得到许可 抽象具体 very timid 非常胆小胆小如鼠 very anxious to return home 回家心切归心似箭 have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连 accelerate the speed;speed up 快上加快快马加鞭第1页/共23页具体抽象 I was practically on my kn
2、ees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。He thinks by all his fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes,but she isnt deceived.他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗。Please dont wake a sleeping dog.请不要惹是生非。第2页/共23页抽象具体 He is the admiration of the whole school。他是全校所敬佩的人。That girl is a very sub
3、tle study psychologically.那女孩是研究微妙心理的好对象。It was not only writers,you know,it was a thoroughly representative gathering-science,politics,business,art,the world.你知道，那不仅是作家，而是科学界、政界、商业界、艺术界和其他各界人士代表的一个集会。第3页/共23页7.0 何谓引申 定义：引申法，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表达法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来
4、。分类：逻辑引申；语用引申；修辞引申；概念范围的调整第4页/共23页7.1逻辑引申逻辑引申：是指在翻译的过程中，由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其本义出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。第5页/共23页Example Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs,bringing greater reliability,higher-quality output,exceptional use
5、r-friendliness and operational ease.我们唯一的信念就是要适应购买者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。You remind me very much of Lenin,whom I met in this building fifty-two years ago.（视角转换）我觉得你很像列宁，52年前，我就是在这座大厦里同他见面的。第6页/共23页 In fact,one mould can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out.事实上，一个模子生产成千
6、上万件产品之后才会破坏。All services in business such as gift wrapping,delivery,and credit have some amount of costs associated with them,and these costs must be covered by higher prices.商业中所有的服务诸如礼品包装、送货以及赊帐都有相应的成本，而这些成本要靠较高的价格来弥补。第7页/共23页7.2 语用引申 定义：把原文里的弦外之音（implication）补译出来，就属于语用学引申的手法。语用学是非语义学的语义研究。这种非语义学的
7、语用意义，一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示，它是非规约性的、潜在的；受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义，换句话说，它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景，从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。The new father wore a proud smile.刚做了父亲的那个人面带着得意的笑容。Cleverer heads than mine might have seen his drift(动向，趋势).比我聪明的人，才弄得懂他葫芦里卖的是什么药。第8页/共23页Words once reserved for restroom walls are now common stuff in films,
8、plays,books and even on television.曾经是不登大雅之堂的言语，如今充斥于电影、戏剧、书籍之中，甚至充斥在电视上。He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death.他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。第9页/共23页7.3 修辞引申 原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格
9、。因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。Simile 明喻 as busy as bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as brave as lion 像狮子一样勇猛 as black as crow 像乌鸦一般黑 as sharp as knife 像刀一样锋利第10页/共23页 Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back.劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的(不起作用)。He said:“If one has anything to say,it drops fr
10、om him simply and directly as a stone falls to the ground.”他说：“如果一个人要说什么，就应像竹筒倒豆子那样直截了当地说出来。”Mr.Smith may serve as a good secretary,for he is as close as an oyster.（as dumb as an oyster.）史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled(自由自在)nature as a last refuge from encroachin
11、g(侵占，蚕食)technology.许多人都想向往回归自然，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。第11页/共23页 as cunning as a dead pig 像狐狸一样狡猾 as happy as a cow 快乐得像只百灵鸟 a fly in the ointment 一只老鼠坏了一锅汤 you cant make bricks without straw 巧妇难为无米之炊第12页/共23页 Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs.General and blood was to change to milk and wa
12、ter.在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶。Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，(见不得人的事家家有。)第13页/共23页See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.从那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。beautif
13、ul tyrant 美丽的暴君 a damned saint 横行的圣人第14页/共23页oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）它是用两个意思正好相反的词或词组来构成一个修辞格，其作用是揭示一件事物的矛盾性，同时也是造成一种出人意外的、引人入胜的效果。翻译时，它有时需要直译，有时则需要注意词意的选择和引申，还要照顾汉语习惯。He called my conviction a“victorious defeat”.他把对我的审判结果称为“胜利的失败”。The Major again pressed to his blue eyes the tips of the fingers that were di
14、sposed on the edge of the wheeled chair with carefulcarelessness.少校用一种精心做出的漫不经心的姿态再次把原来的轮椅边上的指尖按住自己的蓝眼睛。第15页/共23页 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up 水能载舟，亦能覆舟。He that is full of himself is very empty 自满之人腹中空。Friends are thieves of time 朋友是时间的盗窃者。War is deaths feast 战争是死亡的盛
15、宴。第16页/共23页 Every advantage has its disadvantage 有利必有弊。Failure teaches success 失败是成功之母。Jack of all trades and masters of none 万事皆通，事事不精。Love is a sweet torment 爱情是一种甜蜜的痛苦。Learned fools are the greatest fools 有学问的愚人是最伟大的愚人。第17页/共23页7.4 概念范围的调整 词的概念范围常常应在具体的语境中加以调整，或扩大外延而缩小内涵，或缩小外延而丰富内涵。Peoty suffers
16、in translationand the reader suffers with it.诗歌经过翻译就要遭殃诗歌遭殃，读者就要跟着受罪。Torcello,which used to be lonely as a cloud,has recently become an outing from Venice.托切罗往日如一片孤云，冷冷清清，近来却成了威尼斯外围的游览区。How they bow to that Cleole because of her hundred thousand pounds!瞧她们对那个克里奥尔人奉承讨好的样儿，还不是为着她有成千上万的财产！If you wish t
17、o be the best man,you must suffer the bitterest of the bitter.第18页/共23页7.5词义引申的层次 根据词义变化和调整的程度不同，也就是根据引申义和本义的差异之大小，词义引申可简单分为三个层次：近似、深化、升华。近似引申：指接近本义，但又不为本义所限的引申；深化引申：指赋予新义，但与本义在字面上尚有蛛丝马迹的联系；升华引申：出自本义但在字面上远离本义。第19页/共23页 And now for the good news:Stockholm residents enjoy sunbathing in November.Antarc
18、tic tourism is booming.Siberia has become the worlds breakfast.这是令人庆幸的消息：斯德哥尔摩居民在十一月尚能享受日光浴，南极的旅游业日趋兴旺，西伯利亚成了世界粮仓。（近似）A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses,his theories,and his conclusion.科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。（深化）In older canes that have already paired off,dancing reinforc
19、es the union its a sort of annual renewal of “vows”.对已有配偶的成年鹤来说，舞蹈会加强相互之间的结合 这成了每年都要举行的一种重温“山盟海誓”的仪式。（升华）第20页/共23页Ex.Every life has its own roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜和苦。（具体抽象）The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。（抽象具体）Brain drain has been Egypts No.1 concern;as a m
20、atter of fact,it has been an epidemic in that area.人才外流一直是埃及的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。（具体 抽象）第21页/共23页 A number of activities will still have to occur before the goods reach the consumer.商品要经过许多环节才能最终到达客户手中。The administration was free from corruption.这届政府没有腐败现象。（句中corruption译为“腐败现象”更符合汉语习惯。）第22页/共23页感谢观看！第23页/共23页
