1、U1 Wish you were hereGrammar and usage1.定义定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句2.先行词先行词：被修饰的名词或代词一、定语从句的相关概念There was an earthquake which happened in Tangshan in 1976.3.引导定语从句的关系词：引导定语从句的关系词：关系代词：关系代词：关系副词：关系副词：when,where,whywho,whom,whose,which,that定语从句的相关概念4 4、关系词的功能、关系词的功能:1)1)连接主句与从句连接主句与从句 2)2)指代先行词指代先行词3)3)在从句中充
2、当成分在从句中充当成分Class teacher is charming.Class teacher who is spying on us outside the classroom is charming.Class teacher is spying on us outside the classroom.先行词关系代词Our classroom is a place.Our classroom is a place where we study.We study in the classroom.先行词关系副词1.1.先看先看 先行词先行词2 2，再看，再看引导词引导词在在从句从句中充
3、中充当什么成分。当什么成分。二、关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系指人指人指物指物在定语从句中的作用在定语从句中的作用whowhomwhichthatwhose主语 宾语宾语主语 宾语主语 宾语定语关系副词（关系副词（where,when,why）的指代关系）的指代关系指地点指原因指时间在定语从句中的作用时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语介词介词+which wherewhenwhy原因状语原因状语Lets practice Ready?Go!1.This is the house_he lived last year.wherewherethat/whic
4、hSorry,you are wrong!2.This is the house_he visited last year.that/whichSorry,you are wrong!wherethat/which3.Ill never forget the day_I met you.whenwhenthat/whichSorry,you are wrong!4.This is the reason_he went there.whywhythat/whichSorry,you are wrong!1.The man _came to our school is Mr.Wang.2.A ch
5、ild _parents are doctors is called Tom.3.I like the person to _you just talked.4.I still remember the day I first came here.5.The factory his father works is in the west of the city.6.That is the reason I did the job.who/thatwhosewhomwhenwherewhyWith the development of tourism,it brings about many m
6、erits as well as demerits.Read and find out the advantages and disadvantages of tourism.Tourism allows service industries to _,thus giving jobs to _,and bringing more wealth to _.Tourist destinations may be at risk _,with wildlife habitats _ and the local culture _.grow consistently the local popula
7、tion the surrounding community physically and culturally suffering receiving insufficient respect What should we pay attention to when traveling?Be responsible tourists and reduce the negative impact!l 社区的命脉社区的命脉 l 服务行业服务行业 l 持续增长持续增长 l 依次，轮流；反过来依次，轮流；反过来 l 繁荣的产业繁荣的产业 l 称心如意的境遇称心如意的境遇 l 观光胜地观光胜地 l 和
8、谐相处和谐相处 Useful Expressionsl 野生物栖息地野生物栖息地 l 土地的自然特性土地的自然特性 l 处于危险中处于危险中 l 使使.受到伤害受到伤害 l 失去对失去对.的尊重的尊重 l 旨在旨在.l 未来许多代人未来许多代人 Useful ExpressionsFind the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box of part A on page 6.These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local
9、 population,whose welfare depends on tourism.1)These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.2)The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodation and food usually increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.3)Mor
10、e nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.4)As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.5)Loca
11、l festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.Rule 1:We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add _ information to the antecedent(a noun,pronoun or noun phrase)in the main clause or the main clause.A _ is usually use
12、d to separate the adding clause and the main clause.extracommaWorking out the rules1)In the ten provinces and three territories which make up Canada,there is a great diversity in geography.2)To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains,which are home to high peaks and deep valleys
13、 carved by ice and water.非限与主句用逗号隔开，补充说明先行词或主句非限与主句用逗号隔开，补充说明先行词或主句有逗号，补充说明有逗号，补充说明无逗号，限定无逗号，限定Rule 2:We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative clause with a relative pronoun like who,whom,which and whose or a relative adverb like when and where.The relative pronoun and adverb _(can/cannot)be
14、left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.Working out the rules1)These trees，which I planted three years ago，were cut by government.2)The trees I planted three years ago were cut by government.cannot非限制性定语非限制性定语从句中不用从句中不用that不用不用why,关系词不可省略关系词不可省略Rule 3:We can use _(which/who/where)in a non-rest
15、rictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.1)The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodation and food usually increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.2)As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats
16、 are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.whichWorking out the rules非限制性定语从句中，可用非限制性定语从句中，可用which指代整个或部分主句指代整个或部分主句(1)Many young people,many of _ were well-educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2)I have been to many cities,all of _ have left a deep i
17、mpression on me.whomRule 4:In a non-restrictive relative clause,we can put“none/some/many/most/all of”before relative pronoun“_”or“_”to indicate a part of the whole.Working out the ruleswhichwhomwhich非限中，非限中，whom/which 前可加前可加none/some/many/most/all of 等修饰词表示部分等修饰词表示部分Rule 5:We can use _ in a non-res
18、trictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole and the non-restrictive relative clause can be placed before,among or after the main clause.1)As is known to all,the Moon travels around the Earth.2)He is late again,as is often the case.3)The sales figure,as has been mentioned above,ha
19、s been in a decline since last year.asWorking out the rulesas可修饰整个先行主句可修饰整个先行主句,可可置于句子任意位置置于句子任意位置,常译为常译为“正如正如”1.As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.2.She is a great hero,as is described in the report.3.He invited me to dinner,which made me very happy.4.This novel,which I have r
20、ead three times,is very touching.(1)as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，可代替整个主句,相当于and this或and that,且在定语从句中都可以作_(句子成分)。(2)as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的位置不同:as引导的定语从句可置于_，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可放在_。主语和宾语句首、句中、句后句首，只能放在句中、句后 第一组第一组A.The old man has a son who is in the army.B.The old man has a son,who is in the army.A句的意思是：这位老人有
21、个在部队工作的儿子。句的意思是：这位老人有个在部队工作的儿子。（隐含的意思：也许还有其他的儿子，在干别的工作）（隐含的意思：也许还有其他的儿子，在干别的工作）B句的意思：这位老人有一个儿子，在部队工作。句的意思：这位老人有一个儿子，在部队工作。（隐含的意义：只有一个儿子）（隐含的意义：只有一个儿子）第二组第二组A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother,who is 18 years old,is a college student.A句：我句：我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。
22、岁的那个弟弟是大学生。（明确是（明确是18岁的那个岁的那个弟弟，而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）弟弟，而不是其他的，即有可能还有几个弟弟）B句：我弟弟是大学生，今年句：我弟弟是大学生，今年18岁。岁。第三组第三组A.Jim doesnt like to ask questions which make his teacher angry.B.Jim doesnt like to ask questions,which makes his teacher angry.A.吉姆不喜欢问使老师生气的问题。（吉姆不喜欢问使老师生气的问题。（which 指代指代questions)B.吉姆不喜欢问问
23、题，这让老师很生气。（吉姆不喜欢问问题，这让老师很生气。（which指代指代Jim doesnt like to ask questions 这个情况）这个情况）restrictive relative clausesnon-restrictive relative clause1.I saw the guy who delivers my mail in town yesterday.2.Ill always remember the river where we learned to swim.3.Do you know the reason why the sky is blue?4.S
24、hes the person whose daughter goes to Harvard.1.Paris,where I spent six months studying,is the most beautiful city in the world.2.The woman down the street,whose children are the same age as yours,invited us over for dinner next week.3.The movie,which is my favorite comedy of all time,is being shown
25、 on TV tomorrow night.How restrictive relative clauses differ from non-restrictive relative clauses?若去掉，句子含义若去掉，句子含义不明确不明确which guy?which river?the reason for what?which person?若去掉，不影响句子若去掉，不影响句子含义含义无逗号无逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开有逗号有逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句作用作用修饰限定（
26、只可修饰先行词）修饰限定（只可修饰先行词）补充说明（可修饰先行词或主句）补充说明（可修饰先行词或主句）形式形式无逗号与主句隔开无逗号与主句隔开有逗号与主句隔开有逗号与主句隔开意义意义去掉后，句意不完整去掉后，句意不完整去掉后，句意仍完整去掉后，句意仍完整关系词关系词作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略作宾语时不可省略作宾语时不可省略可用可用thatthat不能用不能用thatthat可用可用whywhy用用for which for which 代替代替whywhy译法译法先译定语从句，后译先行词，常译先译定语从句，后译先行词，常译为为“.“.的的.”.”可译为并列句可译为并列句“非限定非限定”使用说
27、明书使用说明书 1.从句中所有的关系词都从句中所有的关系词都_省略省略 2.从句不能用从句不能用_引导引导 3.在在“非限定非限定”中中,指人的关系代词作宾语时，指人的关系代词作宾语时，_,不能用不能用who替换替换,也不能省略。也不能省略。4.从句置于句首时从句置于句首时,不能用不能用_引导引导;而用而用 _引导引导(as 可放可放主句前主句前,中，也可放主句后中，也可放主句后)Conclusion不可不可that/why只能用宾格只能用宾格whomwhichas Sharp eyes!以下分别是什么句？以下分别是什么句？He has three sons,none of whom is i
28、n Changsha.He has three sons,but none of them is in Changsha.He has three sons.None of them is in Changsha.He has three sons,none of them is in Changsha.主从句主从句(非限制性定从非限制性定从)并列句并列句病句病句两个简单句两个简单句B B Applying the rules Applying the rulesRewrite the following sentences using non-restrictive relative cla
29、uses.My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people,some of whom had never been abroad before.My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai,where my grandma was born.Dr Luo,who is an expert in Chinese history,will give us a tour of Beijing.Im reading a guidebook to Rome,which is r
30、eally fascinating and helpful.Id rather visit Europe in summer,when the weather is at its best.P7 B1 How to be a responsible and sustainable tourist?Below is an article about how to be a sustainable tourist.Complete the article with the correct non-restrictive relative clauses in the box below.There
31、 is one clause you do NOT need to use.Write the letters in the blanks.P7 B1 adcbIn pairs,discuss more ways to be a sustainable tourist,using non-restrictive relative clauses.When you travel,never buy wildlife products,_ are made from animal skins or other animal parts.whichl When you travel,youd bet
32、ter buy souvenirs from the local people,who may make a living by selling handmade items.l When you travel,say no to plastic products,which reduces your carbon footprint.l When you travel,help the local children in the right way in some developing countries,where your kind giving often makes a differ
33、ence.Ways to be a sustainable tourist Ways to be a sustainable tourist 1.She was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course,_ made the others unhappy.A.which B.who C.this D.what2.The old man has two sons,_ is a soldier.A.one of whom B.both of them C.all of whom D.none of them3.Im going
34、 to spend my holiday in Beijing,_ my old parents live.A.which B.that C.where D.thereA A C 一、选择最佳答案一、选择最佳答案1)I live in Nanjing,_is a big city.2)I like my English teacher,_ speaks good English.3)I visit my grandparents at the weekend,_ I do not go to school.4)Many people,some of _ are not overweight,a
35、re going on a diet.5)John told me he would join the Poetry Club,_ surprised me greatly.6)_ is known to all,the Moon travels around the Earth.whichwhowhen二、根据句意填关系词二、根据句意填关系词whomwhichAs1)The boy was away from home for a week,_ _(这使他父母很担心这使他父母很担心).2)The fire lasted for a whole night,_ _(这造成了极大的破坏这造成了极
36、大的破坏).which worriedwhich caused great damagehis parents very much Fill the blanks with relative pronouns or relative adverbs.1.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from
37、 all causes.2.Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both,_ is not good for the health.3.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Maccles field,_ she opened with her late husband Les.4.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980
38、s,_ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.5.But Sarah,_ has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.6.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got s
39、wept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden,_ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长生长)through it.that/whichwhichwhichwhenwhowhere1.向东耸立着巍峨的洛基山脉，这里有高耸的山峰和被冰川与水流侵蚀而成的向东耸立着巍峨的洛基山脉，这里有高耸的山峰和被冰川与水流侵蚀而成的深谷。深谷。2.大部分的菜单都有照片和视频，这对初学者很有用。大部分的菜单都有照片和视频，这对初学者很有用
40、。Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using non-restrictive relative clauses.To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains,which are home to high peaks and deep valleys carved by ice and water.Most of the recipes include photos or videos,which are very useful for
41、beginners.3 3.你要积极参加课堂活动，这将有助于发掘你的潜力和建立你的信心。你要积极参加课堂活动，这将有助于发掘你的潜力和建立你的信心。You must take an active part in class activities,which will help to explore your potential and build up your confidence.4.4.你应该交一些朋友，这可以克服你的孤独感。你应该交一些朋友，这可以克服你的孤独感。You are supposed to make some friends,which can overcome your
42、loneliness.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using non-restrictive relative clauses.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using non-restrictive relative clauses.5 5.你熟悉后，我们会给你安排一些竞争性的游戏作为练习，这你熟悉后，我们会给你安排一些竞争性的游戏作为练习，这会会非非常有趣，常有趣，并且可以并且可以提高你的技能。提高你的技能。When you ar
43、e familiar with it,we will arrange some competitive games for you as practice,which must be very interesting and will improve your skill.6.我可以通过这个项目向美国学生介绍我的国家，这肯定会是一个我可以通过这个项目向美国学生介绍我的国家，这肯定会是一个巨大的成功。巨大的成功。I can introduce my country to American students through this program,which will definitely be a great success.7.7.今年夏天今年夏天，我将参加一个文化交流的英语夏令营我将参加一个文化交流的英语夏令营，这是我这是我一直一直以来梦寐以求的。以来梦寐以求的。Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using non-restrictive relative clauses.This summer I am to attend an English summer camp for cultural exchanges,which I have been dreaming about.
