1、2022-5-18Related Conception (相关概念相关概念)1.名词名词: 表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同位语。The boy is li Ming.主语表语Mr. Liang , a 24-year-old boy, teaches us English .主语同位语宾语2022-5-18在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一
2、个句子来充当语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫这个句子就叫名词性从句。名词性从句。什么是名词性从句什么是名词性从句?名词性从句名词性从句主语从句主语从句 ( The Subject Clause)宾语从句宾语从句 ( The Object Clause) 表语从句表语从句 ( The Predicative Clause)同位语从句同位语从句 ( The Appositive Clause)2022-5-18 名词性从句 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句主语从句在句中做- 宾语从句在句中做-表语从句在句中做- 同位语从句在句中- 主语宾语表语同位语1. That he will
3、 come is certain. 2. I know that he will come.3. The truth is that I have been there. 4. The fact that she was late surprised us.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句2022-5-181. 为什么叫名词性从句？_整个从句相当于一个名词比较:The man looked around.That the boy failed again in the exam disappointed his mother.同样作主语，从句可以表示较复杂的含义,一般是个动作或性质I kno
4、w him.I know that he is writing his composition in his room2. 为什么要有名词性从句？那人看了看四周. (名词作主语)那孩子考试又不及格令他母亲很失望. (从句作主语)我知道他在房间里写作文.从句的特征:是一个句子,有一个引导词,引导词做从句的一个成分 (that 除外)名词能做的成分,从句都能做 从句表达的意思比名词复杂得多2022-5-18请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句What I want to do is taking a bath.The news that they won the game
5、spread the whole school.I dont think he is an honest boy.The fact is that he stole the car.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?Do you know the man who is standing over there?It is said that they won the game.( (主从主从) )( (同位语从句同位语从句) )( (宾从宾从) )( (表从表从) )( (同位语从句同位语从句) )( (定从定从) )( (主从主从) )202
6、2-5-18 主语从句that whether who whom whose what which when where why how从 句引导词:1. That he knows Japanese is known to all. 他懂英语,这一点大家都知道令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.3. When he will come is unknown .4. Whether he is coming doesnt matter much. 他来不来没什么要紧的他什么时候来不清楚.他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.5. It remains a secret how they climbed up
7、the mountain.主语从句的位置主语从句的位置 1.在句首在句首 2.主语较长时通常放主语较长时通常放在后在后面面,句首主语用句首主语用 It 主语太长了!放到句尾Details Details Details Details That无词义无词义,不可省略不可省略What “什么”, “所.的”2. What surprised me was to see him here .When “什么时候”主语从句主语从句不用不用 if位于句首位于句首2022-5-18主语从句主语从句 主语从句在复合句中做句子的主语。主语从句在复合句中做句子的主语。1. That most of these
8、 are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.2. Why he failed the exam wasnt clear.4. It is a pity that she cannot come.3. Whether he has failed the exam wasnt clear.2022-5-182） 主语从句的连接词主语从句的连接词1. 连词连词that (无词义无词义, 不作成分不作成分, 不能省略不能省略, 只起连只起连接作用接作用); whether(是否是否
9、), 不作成分不作成分, 不用不用if.That he will come and help us is certain.Whether we will succeed is still a question.注意注意: : 已确定的事由已确定的事由thatthat引导引导; ; 没决定的事由没决定的事由whetherwhether引导引导. .2022-5-18他星期三来这里是肯定的。他星期三来这里是肯定的。 That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要
10、加上从属连词上从属连词that他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.注意：注意：that 引导的引导的主语从句放在句首很少，只是主语从句放在句首很少，只是为了强为了强调或谓语较长时才这样调或谓语较长时才这样2022-5-183.连接副词连接副词when(ever), where(ever), how(ever), why, how long, how often, how soon, how far, how many / much 等等.When the test
11、 will be given is not yet decided.How much we can spend must be agreed on.2. 连接代词连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whose等等. 在从句做在从句做主语主语/宾语宾语/表语表语What you said is perfectly true. (宾语宾语)Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎谁来都欢迎2022-5-18 连接代词和连接副词在句中既连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义保留自己的疑问含义、又
12、起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语 这些连接词不能省略这些连接词不能省略；注意注意2022-5-18 What caused the accident is a complete mystery. (主主) Whatever she said was right. (宾语宾语) Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 Whoever comes to the party will re
13、ceive a present. （主语）（主语）2022-5-18 When hell be back depends much on the weather. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. (状语状语) 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 Why he failed the exam wasnt clear. (状语状语) How the book will sell depends on its author. (状语状语) 2022-5-183）注意
14、事项：）注意事项：1.为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语从句常用从句常用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面放在后面。 主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：用句型如下： It is known to us that he will come here.2022-5-18 （1） It + be + 形容词形容词 + 主语从句主语从句 （2）It + be + 名词名词 + 主语从句主语从句 （3）It + 不及物动词不及物动词 + 主语主语 从句从句 （4）It + 及物及
15、物 动词的被动语态动词的被动语态 +主语从句主语从句 常用句型如下：常用句型如下：2022-5-18It + be + 形容词形容词 主语从句主语从句It is necessary/ important that .是有必要是有必要/重要的重要的It is obvious/ clear that 很明显很明显It is certain / true that 是肯定的是肯定的It is true that 是事实是事实It is strange that 很奇怪很奇怪It is natural that 是很自然的是很自然的2022-5-18It + be + 名词名词 主语从句主语从句It
16、is a pity/a shame 真遗憾真遗憾It is a surprise . 令人惊奇的是令人惊奇的是It is a fact 事实是事实是It is an honor 是我的荣幸是我的荣幸 It is a wonder 是奇迹是奇迹2022-5-18It + 不及物动词不及物动词 that从句从句It appears/ seems that 似乎似乎/ 看起来看起来It happens that . 碰巧碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起It doesnt matter whether2022-5-18It + be + -ed分词分词 主语从句主
17、语从句It is believed/ thought that 人们相信人们相信It is well known to us/all that . 众所周知众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定已经决定It is said / reported that 据听说据听说/ 据报道据报道Eg:It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。It +及物动词（被动语态）及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句主语从句2022-5-18 It is a pity that we c
18、ant go. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today. 2022-5-182. 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用用 虚 拟 语 气虚 拟 语 气 “ ( s h o u l d ) + d o ” ，常用的
19、句型有：常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that 2022-5-18主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted + that (should) do It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, s
20、trange, advisable, impossible+ that (should) do It is a pity, a shame, no wonder (难怪)+ that (should) do 2022-5-18 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语子成分，如主语, 宾语宾语, 表语，而表语，而that 则不然。则不然。例如：例如： 1) _you said yesterday is right. 2) _she is still alive is a good thing. It is right what you sai
21、d yesterday.It is a good thing that she is still alive.WhatThat3. what 与与that 在引导主语从句时的区在引导主语从句时的区别别2022-5-18用 it 句型翻译:1. 据说今年高一学生要学新教材据说今年高一学生要学新教材.2. 事实是他们靠自己完成了所有的任务事实是他们靠自己完成了所有的任务.3. 碰巧他们已经参加过军训了碰巧他们已经参加过军训了.4. 众所周知众所周知, 比尔比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的人盖茨是世界上最富有的人.5. 我们应该养成好的学习习惯这很重要我们应该养成好的学习习惯这很重要.It is said
22、 that the Senior Grade one students will learn a new text this year.It is a fact that they finished all the work by themselves.It happened that they had had their military training.It is well-known that Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.It is important that we (should) form a good habit
23、of studying.2022-5-18II. 表语从句表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。1. That is why he didnt pass the exam.2. The question is where he has gone.3. The problem is that he has gone.4. It looks/seems as if/though it were going to rain.2022-5-18表语从句从 句 同主语从句 (11个), 外加as if /引导词: as though, 1. The truth is tha
24、t he has never been to the countryside.2. The question is whether w can finish the experiment by Friday.3. It looks as if it were going to rain. 实际情况是他从未去过农村. that 一般不省略问题在于我们能否在明天下午之前完成这项实验. 表语从句不用 if好象看上去要下雨似的. (其实不会)as if /as though从句常表示不真实的情况She talks as if /as though she had been there before .
25、 她说话的口气好象以前去过那儿似的她说话的口气好象以前去过那儿似的. 又比如:4. This school is no longer what it was before.这所学校已不再是从前的那个样子了这所学校已不再是从前的那个样子了. what =the thing that More 系动词后面系动词后面2022-5-18注意下列表语从句中where, how, why 的译法1. This is where Lu Xun once lived.2. That was how they won the match.3. This is why she got up so early th
26、is morning.这就是鲁迅曾经住过的地方. 他们就是这样赢得这场比赛的. 这就是她为什么今天早上起得这么早的原因.1. 我们就是这样克服困难的我们就是这样克服困难的.2. 那就是他昨天缺席的原因那就是他昨天缺席的原因.3. 这就是我们上星期碰头的地方这就是我们上星期碰头的地方.This is / That was how we overcame the difficulties.That is why he was absent yesterday.This is where we met last Sunday.This is 总是现在时That is 表示性质 That was 指过
27、去动作固定句型固定句型: This is where This is why This is how.这就是的地方这就是的原因这就是的方法2022-5-18试区分以下句子试区分以下句子Is this museum what you visited?Is this the museum that you visited?Is this museum the one that you visited?注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子
28、词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。是属于哪种从句再完成。( (表从表从) )( (定从定从) )( (定从定从) )2022-5-18II 表语从句表语从句在句中充当表语的从句在句中充当表语的从句(即放在即放在be动词后面动词后面)叫做表叫做表语从句。语从句。我们的目的是他能认识到错误。我们的目的是他能认识到错误。Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.注意：引导表语从句的注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略连接词一般不省略。问题是它是否值得做。问题是它是否值得做。The question is whether i
29、t is worth doing.注意：注意：表语从句表示表语从句表示“是否是否” 只用只用“whether” 而不用而不用“if”2022-5-182.1 引导表语从句的关联词引导表语从句的关联词 引导表语从句的关联词与引导引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。引导。 其基本结构为：主语其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词系动词 + that从句，从句， 引导表语从句的词有引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，wh
30、ichever，when，where，why，how，because等。等。2022-5-18(1) that, whether引导的表语从句引导的表语从句that在引导表语从句时无词义，在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成分，不做成分， 而而whether有词义，意为、有词义，意为、“是否是否”,不做成分不做成分 。 这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如如 question, trouble, problem, result, chance, suggestion，idea，reason等。等。eg: The reason is that you dont trust
31、her. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。问题是他们是否能帮我们。2022-5-18(2) 连接代词引导的表语从句连接代词引导的表语从句 连接代词连接代词what, who, whom, which, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 在句中作主语在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。宾语，不能省略。eg: The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。问题是我们能找到谁
32、去替换她呢。 Thats what he is worrying about. 那就是他在担心的事。那就是他在担心的事。2022-5-18(3) 连接副词引导的表语从句连接副词引导的表语从句 连接副词连接副词 where, when, how, why 在表语从句中做状语在表语从句中做状语The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。问题是他是如何做此事的。 2022-5-18(4) 连词连词because, as if ,as though He was late this morning. That was because he was caught
33、 in a traffic jam. All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。他看起来还与十年前一样。 注：从属连词注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，一般不用来引导表语从句， 但但as if却可引导表语从句，却可引导表语从句， 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词能跟表语从句的谓语动词一
34、般为系动词be, seem, look等。等。 It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。看起来天要下雨了。 2022-5-18难点难点1. 连词连词because可引导表语从句。如：可引导表语从句。如： eg: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。我想这是因为你做得太多。 2. 引导表语从句的引导表语从句的that不省略，不省略，that仅起连接作用，仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。 eg: The impr
35、ession he makes on me is that he is a reliable person. 他给我的印象是他是一个可靠他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人的人3. whether可引导表语从句，表可引导表语从句，表“是否是否”，它在从，它在从句中不充当成分，句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。不能引导表语从句。 eg: Whether John will do this experiment remains a question. 2022-5-18 4. the reason后面的表语从句只能用后面的表语从句只能用that引导，易犯引导，易犯“the reason is bec
36、ause” 的错误的错误 eg: The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way. 5. 在表示命令在表示命令order, advice, suggestion, desire, proposal, demand, request, requirement等的名词后等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要的表语从句中，谓语动词要 用虚拟语气：用虚拟语气：should+动词原形动词原形，should可省略可省略 eg: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another me
37、eting to discuss the problem. 2022-5-18最具代表性的表语从句最具代表性的表语从句 1. That is why practice is the most important in learning English. 2. The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago. 3. That was because he was caught in a traffic jam. 4. The reason why he was late was that his car broke down o
38、n the way.2022-5-181. I know him . 2. I know who he is . 主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾 语语 从从 句句连词连词从句从句主语主语 从句谓语从句谓语 主主 句句复复合合句句2022-5-18III. 宾语从句宾语从句在句中充当在句中充当及物动词或介词或及物动词或介词或某些某些形容词形容词的宾语的宾语的的句子叫做宾语从句。句子叫做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词通常放在主句谓语动词 ( (及物及物动词动词) ) 或介词或形容词之后。或介词或形容词之后。1. I think that it will be of
39、 no use.2. I wonder if you can do me a favour.3. It depends on whether the boss will agree to you or not.4. Im sure that you will win the game.2022-5-181. 作动词的宾语作动词的宾语 (1) 动词后动词后直接直接+宾语从句宾语从句 由由that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略通常可以省略), 例如：例如： I heard that he joined the army. 由由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从
40、句，例如：引导的宾语从句，例如： She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (2) 动词间接宾语宾语从句动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.2022-5-183. 作形容词的宾语作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. I am sure (that) he will win the game.2. 作介词的宾语作介词
41、的宾语 I dont care for who marries him. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.2022-5-18宾语从句三要素：宾语从句三要素：连连 接接 词词时时 态态语语 序序2022-5-18由从属连词由从属连词that引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 连接代词连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which what 连接副词连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句由从属连词由从属连词 whether, if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句2022-5-1
42、8注注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语或非正式文体中往往省略在口语或非正式文体中往往省略e.g. 1. I hear (that) _. （一小时后他会回来）（一小时后他会回来）2. He said (that) _. （他非常想念我们）（他非常想念我们）3. The teacher told us (that) _. （地球围着太阳转）（地球围着太阳转） he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun2022-5-
43、18由从属连词由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我们一起去公园）2. Ask him _. （他是否能来）3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨） if (whether) he will go to the park with us whether (if) he can come whether it is going to rain or notwhether, if在从句中不能充当成分，在从句中不能充当成分，当句末为当句末为or not时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用whether而不能用
44、而不能用if.2022-5-18由连接代词由连接代词what, whom, whose, which, what连接副词连接副词 when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句1. He asked _. (谁能回答这个问题谁能回答这个问题）2. Do you know_. （他们在等谁）（他们在等谁）3. He asked _. （谁的书法是班上最好的）5.6. Please tell me _. （我们什么时候开会）7. Can you tell me _. （他在哪儿）8. Could you tell me _. （我该怎么去车站）9. Would you te
45、ll me _（为什么火车迟到了） who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is how I can get to the station why the train is late2022-5-183.2 语序语序宾语从句的语序用宾语从句的语序用陈述陈述语序语序： 连接词连接词+ +主语主语+ +谓语谓语+ +其他成分其他成分2022-5-18主句时态主句时态从句时态
46、从句时态一般现在时、一般将来时、一般现在时、一般将来时、祈使句时祈使句时 根据句意的需要用任意一根据句意的需要用任意一种时态种时态 一般过去时一般过去时 与原句相对应的过去的时与原句相对应的过去的时态态 客观事实、真理、自然现象、客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言警句、谚语等名言警句、谚语等 一律用一般现在时一律用一般现在时 2022-5-18vI know he lives here .vI know he lived here ten years ago . vI have heard that he will come tomorrow .1.主句用主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，现
47、在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态， 根据实际情况而定。根据实际情况而定。2022-5-182.2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时）， 从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）vI knew who lived here. vI saw she was talking with her mother. vHe asked whether his father would come back tomo
48、rrow. vHe said that he had seen it.2022-5-18 The teacher told me she was born in 1960. I heard that he went to Paris last night.3. 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时， 仍用一般现在时。仍用一般现在时。 Dad told us that it is better to do than to say. He told the boy that three and three is six. He told me th
49、e earth moves around the sun.4. 从句从句中有中有具体时间状语具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，主句动作前，仍用一般过去时仍用一般过去时。2022-5-181. The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow. (be)2. The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go)3. I hear they _ (return) it already. 4. He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948. (be)5.
50、Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east. (rise) will be goes have returned had been rises2022-5-183.4 宾语从句注意事项宾语从句注意事项 1) 当从句的原句为以下句子以及当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变：作主语时，语序不变： Whats wrong? Whats the matter? eg: I dont know whats the matter. Can you tell me who is over there?2022-5-182)在
