1、肝素诱导的血小板减少症肝素诱导的血小板减少症XIaXIIaIXaVIIa-III组织因子途径抑制物抗凝血酶IIa纤维蛋白原纤维蛋白蛋白C,蛋白S系统XaVIIIaVa内源性凝血系统外源性凝血系统凝血与抗凝系统凝血与抗凝系统Epidemiology the chance of significant exposure to heparin exceeds 50%in hospitalized patients acute coronary syndrome (UA/MI)pulmonary embolism deep venous thrombosis and prophylaxis atria
2、l fibrillation/stroke heparinized pulmonary wedge catheters PCI IABPSemi Thromb Hemost 1999;25 Suppl 1:57-60020000400006000080000100000AirplanesCarsMedical ErrorsDeaths per year4025201001020304050HeparinInsulinAntibioticsNarcotics%REFERENCE血小板减少症(血小板减少症(HIT/HITSHIT/HITS)美国每年有美国每年有1200万人因肢体或肺部血栓、心脏病或
3、血管成万人因肢体或肺部血栓、心脏病或血管成型术而接受肝素治疗型术而接受肝素治疗 36万人发生万人发生HIT 12万人出现血栓并发症(静脉、动脉)万人出现血栓并发症(静脉、动脉)3.6万人死亡万人死亡 Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia(HIT),an antibody-mediated syndrome,is associated with significant morbidity and mortality considered a rarity in the past unrecognized
4、 by many clinicians diagnoses can be difficult to confirm until recently there was no therapeutic options other than discontinuation of heparinEpidemiology thrombocytopenia is one of the most common laboratory abnormalities found among hospitalized patients serologically proven HIT occurs in 1.5%to
5、3%of patients with heparin exposureN Engl J Med 1995;332:1330-5Cascade of events leading to formation of HIT antibodies and prothrombotic Bleeding and Clotting the most feared consequence in these patients with a low platelet count is not bleeding but clotting present with mucocutaneous bleeding,ran
6、ging from petechiae and ecchymoses to life-threatening gastrointestinal and intracranial hemorrhageThrombosis thrombosis is mostly venous not arterial may result in bilateral deep venous thrombosis of the legs pulmonary embolism venous gangrene of fingers,toes,penis,or nipples myocardial infarction,
7、stroke mesenteric arterial thrombosis limb ischemia and amputationCirculation 1999;100:587-93Am J Med 1996;101:502-7Thromb Haemost 1993;70:554-61Other Clinical Features Skin lesions at heparin injection site Skin necrosis Acute platelet activation Acute inflammatory reactions(fever,chills,etc.)Used
8、with permission from Warkentin TE.Br J Haematol.1996;92:494497.Used with permission from Warkentin TE,Elavathil LJ,Hayward CPM,Johnston MA,Russett JI,Kelton JG.Ann Intern Med.1997;127:804812.HIT-associated mortality is high(about 18%)5%of affected patients require limb amputation Overt bleeding or b
9、ruising is rare even with severe thrombocytopenia Appropriate management can limit morbidity and mortalityHIT Syndrome Type I nonimmunologic mechanisms(mild direct platelet activation by heparin)associated with an early(within 4 days)and usually mild decrease in platelet count(rarely 50%)count in th
10、e 50,000-80,000/mm range typical onset of 4-14 days occurs with any dose by any route potential for development of life-threatening thromboembolic complications rarely causes bleedingRisks for HIT Type I intravenous high-dose heparin Type II varies with dose of heparin unfractionated heparin LMWH bo
11、vine porcine surgical medical patientsDiagnosis of HIT absence of another clear cause for thrombocytopenia the timing of thrombocytopenia the degree of thrombocytopenia adverse clinical events(most often thrombocytpenia)positive laboratory tests for HIT antibodiesPathogenesis of Drug-induced thrombo
12、cytopenia Certain drugs(quinine,quinidine,sulfa antibiotics)link non-covalently to platelet membrane glycoproteins very rarely,IgG antibodies are produced that recognize these drug-glycoprotein complexes macrophages remove the complexes causing severe thrombocytopeniaComparison of HIT and other Drug
13、-Induced Thrombocytopenia HIT Quinine/SulfaFrequency1/1001/10,000Onset5-8 days 7 daysPlatelet count20-150 x109/L50%that begins after 5 days of heparin therapy,but with the platelet count 150 x 109/L,should also raise the suspicion of HIT Common Laboratory Tests for HITTestAdvantagesDisadvantagesPAAR
14、apid and simpleLow sensitivity-not suitable fortesting multiple samplesSRASensitivity 90%Washed platelet(technicallydemanding),needs radiolabeledmaterial 14CHIPARapid,sensitivity 90%Washed plateletsELISA High sensitivity,High cost,lower specificity for clinically significant HITThromb Haemost 1998;7
15、9:1-7platelet aggregation assay(PAA)serotonin release assay(SRA)heparin induced platelet activation(HIPA)Platelet aggregation assay(PAA)performed by many laboratories incubate platelet-rich plasma from normal donors with patient plasma and heparin limited by poor sensitivity and specificity because
16、heparin can activate platelets under these conditions,even in the absence of HIT antibodies Antibodies against heparin/PF4 complexes(the major antigen of HIT)are measured by colorimetric absorbance Two ELISA have been developed Stago GTI limited by high cost risk for thrombosis is high in HIT,preven
17、tion of thrombosis is the goal of intervention heparin is contraindicated in patients with HIT discontinuation of heparin-all sources of heparin must be eliminated most patients will require treatment with an alternate anticoagulant for initial clinical problem HIT induced thrombosis药物药物 可用可用 禁用禁用 评
18、价评价华法令华法令 xwarfarin in the absence of an anticoagulantcan precipitate venous limb gangrene补充血小板补充血小板 xinfusing platelets merely“adds fuel to the fire”静脉滤器静脉滤器 xoften results in devastating caval,pelvic,andlower leg venous thrombosis低分子肝素低分子肝素 xlow molecular weight heparin usually cross-react with un
19、fractionated heparin after HIT or HITTS(HIT thrombosis syndrome)has occurred水蛭素水蛭素/阿加曲班阿加曲班 xBeware renal insufficiency,antibody formation血浆置换血浆置换 xremoves micro-particles formed from plateletactivation;not a standard indication 阿司匹林阿司匹林 x can inhibit platelet activation by HIT 氯吡格雷氯吡格雷 x antibodies
20、 Gp2b/3a受体受体 x 阻滞剂阻滞剂Steps to Prevent HIT porcine heparin preferred over bovine heparin LMWH preferred over unfractionated heapirn oral anticoagulation should be started as early as possible to reduce the duration of heparin exposure intravenous adapters should not be flush with heparin monitoring s
21、erial plate counts for developing thrombocytopeniaHITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数接受治疗剂量接受治疗剂量UFHUFH患者,建议隔日血小板计数,直到患者,建议隔日血小板计数,直到第第1414天或直至停用天或直至停用UFHUFH(2C(2C级级)100100天内接受过天内接受过UFHUFH治疗的患者或既往是否使用过治疗的患者或既往是否使用过UFHUFH的病史不详者,再次开始使用的病史不详者,再次开始使用UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH时,建议先时,建议先进行血小板计数,随后在肝素治疗后的进行血小板计数,随后在肝素治疗后的2424小时以内再
22、小时以内再次血小板计数次血小板计数(2(2C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 静脉静脉UFHUFH注射后注射后3030minmin内出现发热、寒战、呼吸困内出现发热、寒战、呼吸困难、或其他不常见的症状体征,建议立即进行血小难、或其他不常见的症状体征,建议立即进行血小板计数,并与先前的计数值进行比较板计数,并与先前的计数值进行比较(1(1C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 HITHIT发生率不高患者(发生率不高患者(0.1-1%0.1-1%)下列患者建议术后下列患者建议术后4-144-14天,至少隔天,至少隔2-32-3天进行血小板天进行血小板计数(或直到停用
23、计数(或直到停用UFHUFH)(2C(2C级级)内科内科/产科患者预防性使用产科患者预防性使用UFHUFH 术后患者预防性使用术后患者预防性使用LMWHLMWH UFH UFH冲洗穿刺导管冲洗穿刺导管 或内科或内科/产科患者使用过产科患者使用过UFHUFH后接受后接受LMWHLMWH治疗治疗HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 HITHIT发生率很低患者(发生率很低患者(0.1%0.1%)仅接受仅接受LMWHLMWH治疗的内科治疗的内科/产科患者或仅在血管内产科患者或仅在血管内介入治疗中使用介入治疗中使用UFHUFH的患者(的患者(HITHIT危险危险0.1%0.1%),建),建议临床医师
24、不常规使用血小板监测议临床医师不常规使用血小板监测(2(2C C级级)HITHIT监测监测血小板计数血小板计数 HITHIT抗体筛查抗体筛查使用肝素的患者,如果无血小板减少症、血栓形使用肝素的患者,如果无血小板减少症、血栓形成、肝素诱发的皮肤改变或其他成、肝素诱发的皮肤改变或其他HITHIT相关的情况,相关的情况,不建议常规监测不建议常规监测HITHIT抗体抗体(1(1C C级级)HITHIT治疗治疗 非肝素类抗凝药物治疗非肝素类抗凝药物治疗HITHIT高度怀疑(或确诊)高度怀疑(或确诊)HITHIT,无论是否合并血栓栓塞,建议选无论是否合并血栓栓塞,建议选用另外一种非肝素抗凝剂,如来匹卢定用
25、另外一种非肝素抗凝剂,如来匹卢定(1 1C C级)级),阿加曲班,阿加曲班(1 1C C级)级),比伐卢定,比伐卢定(2 2C C级)级),或达那肝素,或达那肝素(1 1B B级)级),而不是而不是继续使用继续使用UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH,也不建议不使用抗凝剂(有或无下腔静也不建议不使用抗凝剂(有或无下腔静脉滤器)。脉滤器)。HITHIT治疗治疗 非肝素类抗凝药物治疗非肝素类抗凝药物治疗HITHIT高度怀疑(或确诊)高度怀疑(或确诊)HITHIT,无论是否有下肢无论是否有下肢DVTDVT的临的临床证据,建议常规下肢静脉超声以明确是否存在床证据,建议常规下肢静脉超声以明确是否存在DVTD
26、VT(ICIC级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 VKAsVKAs 高度怀疑或确诊高度怀疑或确诊HITHIT的患者的患者建议不使用维生素建议不使用维生素K K拮抗剂(香豆素),直至血小板拮抗剂(香豆素),直至血小板计数明显恢复(如至少计数明显恢复(如至少10010100109 9/L L,最好最好15010150109 9/L L)VKAVKA仅用于替换抗凝剂时的重叠期(最少重叠仅用于替换抗凝剂时的重叠期(最少重叠5 5天),天),起始剂量小,替换使用的抗凝剂直到血小板计数恢复至起始剂量小,替换使用的抗凝剂直到血小板计数恢复至稳定状态时,或至少最近稳定状态时,或至少最近2 2天的天的INRINR达到
27、靶治疗目标范围达到靶治疗目标范围内才能停用(内才能停用(ICIC级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 VKAsVKAs使用使用VKAsVKAs的患者在诊断为的患者在诊断为HITHIT后,建议使用维生素后,建议使用维生素K K逆转逆转VKAVKA抗凝疗效抗凝疗效(2C2C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 LMWHLMWH治疗治疗HITHIT高度怀疑高度怀疑HITHIT的患者,无论是否合并血栓形成,建议的患者,无论是否合并血栓形成,建议不使用不使用LMWHLMWH(IC+IC+级)级)高度怀疑或确诊高度怀疑或确诊HITHIT的患者,如无活动性出血,不建的患者,如无活动性出血,不建议预防性输注血小板议预防性输注
28、血小板(2 2C C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群有有HITHIT病史,病史,HITHIT抗体阴性,需要接受心脏手术抗体阴性,需要接受心脏手术的患者,建议使用的患者,建议使用UFHUFH,而不使用非肝素类抗凝而不使用非肝素类抗凝剂剂(1 1C C级)级)注:术前和术后抗凝治疗应使用非肝素抗凝剂注:术前和术后抗凝治疗应使用非肝素抗凝剂HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 急性急性HITHIT 急性急性HITHIT(血小板减少,血小板减少,HITHIT抗体阳性),需要接受抗体阳性),需要接受心脏手术的患者,建议采用下列措施(优选药物以降序心脏手术的患者,建议采用下列措施(
29、优选药物以降序排列)排列):推迟手术(如果可能),直到推迟手术(如果可能),直到HITHIT抗体转为阴性抗体转为阴性1 1C C级级 体外循环下体外循环下CABGCABG中抗凝使用比伐卢定中抗凝使用比伐卢定1 1C C级级 或无需体外循环下的或无需体外循环下的CABGCABG中抗凝使用比伐卢定中抗凝使用比伐卢定1 1C C级级HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 急性急性HITHIT使用来匹卢定术中抗凝(患者的肾功能正常)使用来匹卢定术中抗凝(患者的肾功能正常)1 1C C级;级;使用使用UFHUFH加抗血小板药物,使用依前列醇(如果无加抗血小板药物,使用依前列醇(如果无ECTECT监测
30、条件监测条件或患者肾功能不全)或患者肾功能不全)2 2C C级;级;使用使用UFHUFH加抗血小板药物,替罗非班(加抗血小板药物,替罗非班(2 2C C级);级);或术中使用达那肝素抗凝(如果可监测抗或术中使用达那肝素抗凝(如果可监测抗XaXa因子)因子)2 2C C级)级)HITHIT治疗治疗 特殊患者群特殊患者群 亚急性亚急性HITHIT亚急性亚急性HITHIT(血小板计数恢复,血小板计数恢复,HITHIT抗体阳性)建议推抗体阳性)建议推迟手术(如果可能)直到迟手术(如果可能)直到HITHIT抗体转为阴性,然后使用抗体转为阴性,然后使用肝素肝素1 1C C级级。或者建议使用非肝素类抗凝剂。
31、或者建议使用非肝素类抗凝剂2 2C C级级急性或既往有急性或既往有HITHIT病史,需要接受心脏导管治疗或病史,需要接受心脏导管治疗或PCIPCI的患者,建议选用其他抗凝剂,如的患者,建议选用其他抗凝剂,如阿加曲班阿加曲班(1 1C C级)级),比伐卢定比伐卢定(1 1C C级)级),来匹卢定,来匹卢定(1 1C C级)级),或达那肝素,或达那肝素(2 2C C级),而不使用肝素级),而不使用肝素 减少减少HITHIT抗体形成抗体形成整形外科术后患者建议使用整形外科术后患者建议使用LMWHLMWH,而不使用而不使用UFHUFH。血栓形成患者的治疗,不建议使用牛血栓形成患者的治疗,不建议使用牛UFHUFH,可使用可使用猪猪UFHUFH或或LMWHLMWH(1A1A级)级)心脏手术患者术中抗凝,建议使用猪心脏手术患者术中抗凝,建议使用猪UFHUFH,而不用而不用牛牛UFHUFH(1B1B级)级)