1、V-ing形式,一. 含义 动词的-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，不能单独充当谓语。 二. 构成 1.构成: 动词原形+-ing 2.规则: 一般情况，直接+ing; 以不发音的e结尾，去e+ing; 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加ing; 以ie结尾，变ie为y，+ing，例：die，dying；lie，lying.,关键词：含义 构成 特征 分类 成分 用法 形式 运用,三.特征 1.动词的-ing形式具有名词、形容词和副词等词的特点. 2. 动词的-ing形式由动词变来,所以保留了动词的某些特征,如它可以有自己的宾语,状语等. He enjoys
2、listening to violin music, playing mah-jong, swimming and reading. 四.分类 1.动名词:动词的-ing 形式相当于名词在句中的用法. 2.现在分词:具有动词的特征，可以表示一个正在进行的、主动的动作.,小结：doing 为非谓语动词，由do原形 +ing 构成，不能单独充当谓语,可以充当 1.主语 2. 宾语 3.表语 4. 定语 5.状语 6.宾语补足语。,doing,现在分词,动名词,具有名词，动词的特性,具有adj.，adv.的特性,成分,形式,做主语和宾语的肯定是_； 做状语和宾补的肯定是_。 Examples: 1)
3、Seeing is believing. (动名词做主语和宾语) 2)Be careful while crossing the street. (现在分词做时间状语) 3)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. (现在分词做宾语补足语),动名词,现在分词,1.做主语,1.Since then, finding ways to grow more rice has been his life goal. 2. Spending money on himself or leading a c
4、omfortable life also means very little to him. 3.Just dreaming for things, however, costs nothing.,五. 用法：,小结： 1特征： 单个的动词-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。 2.句型： 1）doing 作主语句型： Doing . + V + O 2）但有些含有动名词的句型，为避免句子主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，-ing形式作真正的主语。下面列举几种最常见的句型： Eg. Its no use crying over spilt （倾倒出）milk. It +be +no good /u
5、se doing做无益/无用,Its a waste of time thinking hard about the past. It +be +a waste of time doing做是浪费时间 The book is worth reading. It +be +worth doing 做值得 There is no harm in doing so. There +be +no +n. +in +doing 做没有,2. 作宾语 (动词宾语和介词宾语） He finished reading the book yesterday. I enjoy learning English.
6、(动词宾语） I am fond of watching TV.（介词宾语）,动词+宾语,只接doing,只接to do,doing和to do皆可，意义 区别很大,doing和to do皆可，意义 区别不大,以下动词须用doing 做宾语,1)记忆口诀： 双P延期 两建议 否认 错过了 练习 考虑 完成 不耽搁 喜欢 设想 不介意 面对 坚持 不放弃 避免 冒险 请原谅,对应单词： postpone, put off, suggest, advise deny, miss, practice consider, finish, delay fancy, enjoy, appreciate,
7、imagine, mind face, insist on, give up avoid, risk, excuse, forgive,2)need, require, want + doing = need to be done 注意:主动表被动 动词want，need，require作“需要”解时，后面的动词用动名词作宾语时，且与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，这个动名词的主动式表示被动意义。 3)give up, cant help, look forward, have trouble . +doing Eg1. My coat needs washing. =My coat needs
8、to be washed. Eg2. I look forward to receiving your letter.,下列动词常以动词不定式（to do）作宾语。,三个希望两答应 两个要求莫拒绝 设法学会做决定 不要假装在选择,hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide pretend ; choose,想要拒绝命令 需要努力学习, 期望同意帮助 希望决定开始。,want ; refuse ; order , need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; hel
9、p hope ; wish ; decide ;begin ;start, 有些动词既可接-ing，又可接to do作宾语 ,区别不是很大。 like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, intend, prefer, etc. He likes singing. He likes to sing.,1)I must remember to take my notebook with me. I remember seeing her somewhere before. remember to do sth. 记得要做某事。 remember doing
10、sth. 记得做过某事。 类似词：forget, regret, mean, stop, try, 有些动词后既可以接doing又可以接to do作宾语, 意思上有明显差别：,2) I forgot to post the letter. I forgot posting the letter. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事。 forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事。 3) I regret to tell you that you cant work here any more. I regret not taking your advice. regret t
11、o do sth 对马上要发生的事抱歉、遗憾，常和say, tell, inform 等词连用。 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事。,4) I did not mean to hurt you. That means giving up my job. mean to do sth.: 有的意图，打算，想 mean doing sth.: 意味着 5) He stopped to sing. He stopped singing. stop to do sth.: 停下来正在做的事去做另一件事。 stop doing sth.: 停止正在做的事情。 6) We must try
12、 to get everything done on time. Lets try doing the work some other way. try to do sth.: 设法、努力做某事 try doing sth.: 尝试做某事,7）He said nothing but just went on working. After her early teaching career she went on to become a doctor. go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 go on to do sth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事 8）I cant help to f
13、inish her work, because I havent finished mine yet. I cant help crying when I heard the news. cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事,Complete these sentences:,1. If you can keep _(read) English newspapers, your English will be improved. 2. He has promised _(come) to my birthday par
14、ty. 3. I hate _(tell) lies! 4. * I will never forget _(go) to Beijing with him last summer. * I forgot _(tell) her the news; so she knew nothing about it.,reading,to come,telling/to tell,going,to tell,3. 作表语 His job is teaching English. = teaching English is his job. She is washing the dishes. Washi
15、ng the dishes is she.,动名词做表语,现在分词做表语,现在分词与动名词做表语的区别： 动名词做表语表示主语内容，主语表语可交换位置；现在分词做表语说明主语的性质，特征，主语和表语不可交换位置。 Practice： 1)Learning is my duty. 2)The news is encouraging.,动名词做表语,现在分词做表语,4. 作定语 a. the laughing audience / an amusing story,Dustin Hoffman is famous for his role acting as a woman. ( 短语后置） Th
16、e girl singing on the stage is my sister.,Compare,The amusing play = the play that is amusing. The girl singing on the stage = The girl who is singing on the stage.,现在分词与动名词作定语的区别,现在分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词 ,说明其修饰名词的动作，性质或特征,它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系，且可以转换成定语从句；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之_，可以转换成for 短语，表示
17、“供作.之用”。,前,前,a walking stick,(a stick for walking),(a pool for swimming ),a sleeping boy,a moving story _,(a story that moves people),(a boy who is sleeping),a swimming pool _,动词 -ing 形式如果是短语，应放在所修饰的名词 ，相当于_。,1. They are visitors coming from several countries.,（=who come from several countries.）,2.T
18、hree days later I received a letter offering me the job.,（=which offered me the job.）,3.The girl standing there is my classmate.,（ =who stands there ）,4. The man speaking to the teacher is my father.,后,定语从句,(who is speaking to the teacher),Step 2. The boy who is coming to dinner this evening is a cl
19、assmate of mine.,Step 1. The boy is coming to dinner this evening He is a classmate of mine.,Step 3. The boy coming to dinner this evening is a classmate of mine.,Wrong : The boy is coming to dinner this evening is a classmate of mine There are some people are waiting at the bus stop,x,_,_,5.现在分词作状语
20、,现在分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是 句子的主语，分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上 的主谓关系，否则不能用现在分词作状语。 但要注意它的各种形式变化： True or false: 1.Seeing from the top, the school looks more beautiful.( ) 2. Seeing from the top, we find the school more beautiful.( ),F,T,6.形式：时态和语态,doing,having done,having been done,being done,not being done,not having
21、done,not doing,not having been done,Eg. Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. 听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。 （听见和进入两个动作同时或基本同时发生） The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造地 这栋楼房室我们地 新图书馆. （being built为现在分词的被动形式，表示动作正在进行之中。）,Having done the work, he went home. （having done the w
22、ork为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。） All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 （having been sold out 为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。）,Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. (=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.),Wh
23、ile waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily. (=While _ _ _ _ the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.),1）表时间状语,I was waiting for,2) 表原因状语 Being ill, he didnt go to school. (=As he was ill, he didnt go to school.),Being a student, you should study hard. (=Since _ _ a student you should study
24、 hard.）,既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。,由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。,Thinking he might be at home, I called him. As _ _ he might be at home, I called him.,you are,I thought,3)表方式、伴随情况的状语 ：作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语的一个 动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。,Eg. He sat on the sofa, watching TV. (=He sat on the sofa,
25、and watched TV.),我们乘车游览了许多地方。,Travelling by car, we visited many a place.,We _ by car and visited many a place.,traveled, 他们笑着谈着走进了教室。,_ , they went into the classroom.,他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。,He stood leaning against the wall. (He _ and _ against the wall.),Laughing and talking,(They _ and _, and they went
26、into the classroom.),laughed,talked,leaned,stood,4) 表结果 Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother. (=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.),全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎地歌曲。,The song is sung all over the country,_.,making it the most popular song,(=The song
27、 is sung all over the country, and this _ it the most popular song.),makes,5)表条件,Using your head, you will find a way. (=If you use your head, you will find a way.),一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。,_, you will see a white house.,Walking ahead,(If you _ _, you will see a white house.,Working hard, you will succee
28、d.,努力吧， 你会成功的。,（If you _ _, you will succeed.,walk ahead,work head,6)表让步(though/although , even though等）,尽管拼命地工作，他一点都不觉得累。,Workiing hard, he didnt feel a bit tired.,（=Although he worked hard, he didnt feel a bit tired.),Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage. （=Even though they _ _ _, th
29、ey made me pay for the damage.,尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。,knew all this,逻辑主语 ones doing,Do you mind Tims smoking here? Excuse me for my being late.,She accepted his apology for his being rude.,ones,形容词型物主代词,人称代词宾格,名词所有格,动名词的复合结构,注意比较下面两个句子, 它们有什么区别与联系,I dont mind smoking here. I dont mind his smoking her
30、e.,共同点:都是相当于名词 不同点:动名词的复合结构有了自己的动作发出者,如,his谁抽烟,他抽,7)与逻辑主语构成独立主格： -ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系, 只能用独立主格结构, 即给现在分词补充一个主语。 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. (=If _ _, well do another two exercises) 分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补
31、充一个主语。 I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard (=when I for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.),time permits,was waiting,独立主格中的注意事项 （1）独立主格有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 （2）有些固定用法作独立成分(悬垂分词)： Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an a
32、ctor. generally speaking, frankly speaking, considering, /taking in consideration, to tell you the truth,etc.,6. Doing 作宾语补足语。句中的谓语动词 通常为 a: 感官动词， 如：see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, observe, find + sb + doing,We heard the children singing in her room. We watched the children diving into th
33、e water from the top board.,b. 役使动词. 表示“使”，“让”的意思。 keep sb doing 保持 leave sb doing 使处于 get sb/ sth doing让做 have sb doing 让做 set sb/ sth doing使,Well soon have you walking again. 我们会不久让你重新走起来。,I leave the machine running all day. 我让机器整天运转着。,More examples,Step 1. People saw the police. The police were
34、breaking the window with a hammer. （简单句）,Step 2. People saw the police who were breaking the window with a hammer. （定语从句）,Step 3. People saw the police breaking the window with a hammer. ( doing 短语作宾补）,1.Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions. Its no use _ with him. (06年上海高考） to argue B.
35、 arguing C. argued D. having argued,2.Victor apologized for _to inform me of the change in the plan.(04年上海高考） A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to be not able,7.运用：Grammar work 语法专练,3.Ill never forget _Paris for the first time. A. to visit B. visit C. visiting
36、D. visited,4.I regret _hard at school. A. not to study B. not having studied C. not study D. having not studied,5.The old man needs_. look after B. looking after C. being looked after D. to look after,6.The problem is worth_. A discussing B. discuss C being discussed D. discussed 7.Please remember _
37、the lights before _the classroom. A. turn off; leave B. to turn off; leaving C. turning off; leave D. turning off; leaving,8._is believing. to see B. Seeing C. See D. having seen.,9.Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run,10.Johns bad habit is _ wi
38、thout thorough understanding. A. read B. being read C. to be read D. reading,11. _in the queue of half an hour. Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited,12. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. Having hun
39、g B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,13. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered,14. He looked around and caught a man_ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting,15. Tell Mary that theres someone _ for her at the door. A. waiting B. waited C. waits D. to wait,16. The _ waiter came up to us and said, “You are welcome.” A. smiling B. smiled C. smile D. to smile,
