1、 跨文化交际案例讨论跨文化交际案例讨论 鄧鄧 筠筠 What Is Intercultural Communication?Intercultural communication refers to the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally.Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication.Today,improved technologies of c
2、ommunication and more rapid means of transportation have increased the likelihood of intercultural communication.The Study of Intercultural CommunicationOriginIn 1946,the U.S.Congress passed the Foreign Service Act(外交事务法案),which established the Foreign Service Institute(FSI,外交学院)in the U.S.Departmen
3、t of State(美国国务院)to provide pre-service and in-service training throughout the career of Foreign Service officers,and others including development technicians.The FSI was staffed mainly with linguists and anthropologists,such as Edward T.Hall,George L.Trager,as it was thought that the problems of in
4、effective diplomats stemmed mainly from the need to be educated in the language and culture of the host country.FounderEdward T.Hall(1914-2009)An American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.During the 1950s he worked at the FSI,teaching intercultural communication skills to foreign service
5、 personnel,and wrote several influential books on dealing with cross-cultural issues.Edward T.Hall is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study.Books:The Silent Language(1959),The Hidden Dimension(1966),Beyond Culture(1976)Several Key Concepts in Interc
6、ultural Communication Heterophily(异质性),is the degree to which two or more individuals who communicate are unalike.Homophily(同质性),is the degree to which two or more individuals who communicate are alike.Most communication occurs between homophilous individuals.People find it easier to talk with someo
7、ne like themselves.Homophilous communication is more effective than heterophilous communication.Ingroup(内部群体；我群内部群体；我群),an ingroup is a collectivity with which an individual identifies.Outgroup(外部群体；他群外部群体；他群),an outgroup is a collectivity with which an individual does not identify.An ingroup exalts
8、 itself by boasting about its own ways and looks with contempt on outsiders,e.g.,Koreans refer to the Japanese as“dwarfs”,the Japanese call Koreans“garlic-eaters.”Without thinking,an individual takes the values of the ingroup as an ideal and automatically uses them to judge other less familiar value
9、s and behaviours.Ethnocentrism(民族中心主义；民族优越感民族中心主义；民族优越感),ethnocentrism is the degree to which individuals judge other cultures as inferior to their own culture.The concept of ethnocentrism comes from two Greek words(ethos,people or nation,and ketro,center)which mean being centered on ones cultural g
10、roup and thus judging other cultures by ones cultural values.No one is born with ethnocentrism.It has to be taught.Ethnocentrism tends to be strongest concerning outgroups that are most socially distant and most unlike the ingroup.Prejudice(偏见),is an unfounded attitude toward an outgroup based on a
11、comparison with ones own ingroup.Some prejudices consist of the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group or religion.Discrimination(歧视),is the process of treating individuals unequally on the basis of their ethnicity,gender,age,sexual orientation,or other characteristics.Prejudice is an
12、attitude,while discrimination is an action.When a negative attitude toward an outgroup is translated into action,the resulting behavior is called discrimination.Stereotypes(刻板印象),are generalizations about some group of people that oversimplify reality.Such generalizations prevent accurate perception
13、 of the qualities of unalike others.Prejudiced individuals often think in stereotypes.The contact theory of prejudice,individuals who lack close interpersonal communication with a particular culture are more prejudiced toward individuals with that culture.With personal contact,an individual may beco
14、me less prejudiced.Cultural relativism(文化相对主义文化相对主义),is the view that all beliefs,customs,and ethics are relative to the individual within his/her own social context.In other words,“right”and“wrong”are culture-specific;what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another;and
15、since no universal standard of morality exists,no one has the right to judge another societys customs.Cultural relativists believe that all cultures are worthy in their own right and are of equal value.Xenophobia(仇外；外国人恐怖症),refers to the attitudes,prejudices and behavior that reject,exclude and ofte
16、n vilify persons,based on the perception that they are outsiders or foreigners to the community,sociey or national identity.Originally the word xenophobia comes from the Greek words xeno(the stranger,the guset)and phobos(fear).Xenophobia can manifest itself in many ways involving the relations and p
17、erceptions of an ingroup towards an outgroup,including a fear of losing identity,suspicion of its activities,aggression,and desire to eliminate its presence to secure a presumed purity.Prospect Heights,Illinois:Waveland Press Inc.1998Facial movementsFacial movementsTypes of nonverbal communication（非
18、言语交际）（非言语交际）1.BODY MOVEMENTS(facial movements,posture,gesture)2.SPACE3.TIME(how orientations toward time communicate.)4.TOUCH(the meaning of touching behaviors and what contact is acceptable.)5.VOICE(the nonverbal aspects of voice;how something is said rather than what is said.)6.ARTIFACTS(clothing,
19、hairstyle and other personal possesions)7.PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Why is nonverbal communication so important?1.Nonverbal communication is present everywhere.2.Nonverbal communication usually comes first.3.Nonverbal communication is especially likely to be trusted.4.Nonverbal communication can lead to m
20、isunderstanding,especially when verbal messages are missing or limited.5.Nonverbal communication is especially important in interpersonal communication situations.Collectivistic culture(集体主义文化)is one in which the collectivitys goals are valued over those of the individual.In contrast,an individualis
21、tic culture(个人主义文化)is one in which the individuals goals are valued over those of the collectivity.Individualism-collectivism is perhaps the most important dimension of cultural differences in behavior across the cultures of the world.High-context culture(高情境文化)is one in which the meanings of commun
22、ication message are found in the situation and in the relationships of the communicators,or are internalized in the communicators beliefs,values and norms.The communication context plays an important part in the interpretation of a communication message.Collectivistic cultures,such as Asian and Lati
23、no,are usually high-context cultures.These cultures emphasize nonverbal communication and subtleness in communication rather than being frank.What is not said may be more important than what is said.Low-context culture(低情境文化)is one in which the meanings of a communication message are stated clearly
24、and explicitly,without depending on the context of the communicaion situation.Examples of low-context cultures are European American,English,and other northern European countries.Conversations in a low-context culture are clear and to the point.Abu Bakr:Mr.Brown!How good to see you.Brown:Nice to see
25、 you again,Hassan.Abu Bakr:Tell me,how have you been?Brown:Very well,thank you.And you?Abu Bakr:Fine,fine.Allah be praised.Brown:I really appreciated your agreeing to see me about these distribution arrangements.Now could weAbu Bakr:My pleasure.So tell me,how was your trip?Did you come direct or did
26、 you have a stopover?Brown:No stopover this time.Im on a tight schedule.Thats why Im so grateful you could see me on such a short notice.So about theAbu Bakr:Not at all.How is my good friend,Mr.Wilson?Brown:Wilson？Oh,fine,fine.Hes been very busy with this distribution problem also,which is what we n
27、eed to discuss.Abu Bakr:You know,you have come at an excellent time.Tomorrow is the Prophets birthdayblessings and peace be upon Himand were having a special feast at my home.Id like you to be our guest.Brown:Thank you very much.Cultural clash（文化冲文化冲突突）is the conflict that occurs between two or more
28、 cultures when they disagree about a certain value.A cultural clash may involve strongly held values,such as those concerning religion.Live animal marketThe Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case Gillian Gibbons,a British school teacher,left Liverpool,England in August 2007 to teach a group of six and s
29、even year olds at Unity School in Khartoum,Sudan.On 25 November 2007,Gibbons was arrested,interrogated and then put in a cell at a local police station.Ms.Gibbons was alleged to have insulted Islam by allowing her class of children to name a teddy bear“Muhammad”.The stated or implied purpose of most
30、 research,training,and teaching in the field of intercultural communication is to improve the intercultural competence(跨文化能力跨文化能力)of individuals.Multiculturalism(多元文化主多元文化主义义)is the recognition that several different cultures can exist in the same environment and benefit each other.How can an indivi
31、dual become more multicultural?1.Communicate with culturally heterophilous others.2.Work at understanding people unlike yourself.3.Empathize with heterophilous others so that you can look at the world from their point of view.4.Capitalize on the natural curiosity that we all have in learning about o
32、ther people who are different from us.5.Understand yourself,particularly your degree of ethnocentrism,prejudice,and stereotyping versus cultural relativism,tolerance,and understanding.6.Recognize and appreciate the cultural difference among people in your environment.7.Be nonjudgmental of others and
33、 their cultural values.Assimilation(同化)is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another.When individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.The assimilation process may occur over two or more generations.Acculturation(涵化)is the
34、 process through which an individual is socialized into a new culture while retaining many aspects of a previous culture.In contrast to assimilation,the acculturated individual becomes a mixture of two or more cultures.Acculturation involves a less complete integration of an individual into the host
35、 culture than does assimilation.台湾日据时期的老照片Sojourner(暂居者暂居者)An sojourner is an invidual who visits another culture for a period of time but who retains his/her original culture.The sojourner typically is a visitor or traveler who only resides in the other culture for a relatively specific time,often
36、a year or two,with the intention of returning home.Sojourner may be businesspeople,diplomats,students.military peronnel,or guest workers.Sojourning could be a very difficult process,especially when an individual is sojourning for the first time.Some individuals perceive the sojourning experience as
37、negative and personally painful,at least during their sojourn.However,if one has the desire to understand a different culture,sojourning can be an exciting and wonderful event once the period of adjustment passes.Sojourning can change ones life by giving a feeling of self-confidence and self-efficacy,a sense of controlling ones life and overcoming difficult situations.书面报告（任选一个，约1200汉字）1.由尼克松访问巴西时的OK手势所想到的。2.关于中国的live animal market，本人是这么看的。3.那只叫“Mohammad”的泰迪小熊所带来的风波。4.在菲律宾做一个快乐的Sojourner，偶准备好了么。入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力入力清聴入力入力
