1、【核心素养核心素养】2019-20202019-2020年新高考备考策略年新高考备考策略THANKS!概写之路,步步为营概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；3.上下文的连贯性；4.对各要点表达的独立性情况。40-80概写题型&评分参考 1 Getting rid of dirt,in the opinion of most people,is a good thing.However,there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.2 In the
2、 early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease,as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538,the French king had closed the bath houses in
3、 his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV,King of France,was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath,the king ordered that,to avoid the attack of disease,the nobleman sh
4、ould not go out.3 Though the belief in the merit(好处)of dirt was long-lived,dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet,it
5、 seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea;clothes need to be whiter than white,cloths ever softer,surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt,however,gone too far?4 Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time
6、 parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt,which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary,Mary Ruebush,an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter（后者）position is gaining some groun
7、d.考纲样题On the contrary,Yet,Thus,However,1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.2.People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.3.Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor4.Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.the king of France and EnglandHenry IV,king of FranceCleaning away dirt is
8、 good to health.It seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved beyond science.First-time parents warn children off touching dirt.Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune system.Authors pointNowadaysEver since the 18th centuryIn the early 16th centurySupporting detailsTh
9、us began a long timeSince World War II样题要点结构(mind map)(1)There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.(2)People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.(3)Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor.(4)Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要
10、点1).For a long time in history,people of some European countries,such as France,believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)However,s
11、ome scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1)表述变化（句式，词汇）范围变化要点呈现For a long time in history,people of some European countries,such as France,believed that dir
12、t protected people from getting ill.(要点2)时间变化（概括）范围变化（概括）举例变化（筛选）表述变化（近义）要点呈现2.People believed dirt was a means to block out disease.the king of France and EnglandIn the early 16th centuryThus began a long timeHenry IV,king of FranceThus,However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 2
13、00 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)时间变化（同义）表述变化（近义）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现3.Dirt was no longer regarded as a nice neighbor.Ever since the 18th centuryCleaning away dirt is good to health.Since World War IIIt seemed the standard of cleanliness have moved
14、beyond science.Yet,However,some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)时间变化（略去）表述变化（词性）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现4.Attitudes to dirt differ hugely.NowadaysFirst-time parents warn children off touching dirt.Scientists encourage children to play in the dirt to build up immune
15、 system.On the contrary,People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1).For a long time in history,people of some European countries,such as France,believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However,people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People ha
16、ve been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)However,some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)词汇衔接逻辑衔接有效衔接HOW TO WRITE A GOOD SUMMARY?connect the key points with proper words;1.Read 3.Paraphrase 4.Connect read two or three times for t
17、opic sentences&supporting detailsdraw a mind map rewrite the key information in your own words.2.Mind map Many things may make you angry.You may get angry when something doesnt go your way.Maybe you get mad at yourself when you dont understand you homework or when your team loses an important game.M
18、aybe your teacher gave you too much homework.Or maybe a friend will borrowed your favorite video game and then broke it.That made you angry.Example 11.Read for topic sentence Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal
19、.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.Example 21.Read for topic sentence What is Standard English?Is it spoken in Britain,the US,Canada,Australia,India and New Zealand?Believe it or not,th
20、ere is no such thing as Standard English.Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is Standard English.This is because in the early days of radio,those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.However,on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way peo
21、ple speak.Example 31.Read for topic sentence So why has English changed over time?Actually all language change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.At first the English spoken in England between AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.It was based m
22、ore on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150,English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1660s,Shakespea
23、re was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620,some British settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century,some British people were taken to Australia,too.English began to be spoken in both countries.Example 4有时,主旨大意需要自己归纳和概括1.Read for topic sentenceEnglish changes as it
24、s culture meets and communicates with that of another.We shouldnt judge a person by their appearance but we do.In fact,the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds.But what do we look at?One of the most important thin
25、gs is clothes,but it isnt the brand of clothes that people wear that is important.The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.Example 5有时，段首只起导入话题的作用1.Read for topic sentenceWearing proper clothes is important for first impressions.topicauthors point about the topic+1.段落大意不一定是首
26、句或尾句；2.段落中的转折but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,让步though,as,although，结果as a result,so,therefore及其他如 in fact,as a matter of fact等是要点提示词；3.如有设问，与答案合并成为要点；4.如有例证，简要归类概括成为要点；5.没有可以直接提取的，思考该段落的作用；6.抓住贯穿全文（全段）的中心意思抓住贯穿全文（全段）的中心意思。Tip1：主题句必须能概括全文或整段 The familiar yellow school bus is the largest syste
27、m of mass transportation in the US and every school day transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends.Meanwhile,they are the safest method for getting kid to and from school,according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA).Childre
28、n are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends.Practice说明文：解释&说明：事物or现象议论文：说服&争辩：一个有争议的观点两种常见文体 The familiar yellow school is the largest system of mass transportation in the US and every school da
29、y transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends.Meanwhile,they are the safest method for getting kid to and from school,according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA).Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely
30、on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends.These school buses meet more of the nations motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road.Also,several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer,such as vide
31、o cameras on the inside and outside,stop arm cameras,GPS tracking and collision lessening systems.Another safety tool on school buses is high seat backs,closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seating.But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when rid
32、ing the big,yellow bus.The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them.All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License(CDL).They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs,usually have their driving record checked,and are given the same review for criminal h
33、istory as teachers and other employees who have contact with students.In order to serve as a school bus driver,most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course,along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.School buses are safe for the environment,not only becau
34、se each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would,but for the buses,be on the road taking and picking up school children.Additionally,school buses use alternative green fuel like natural gases,and electric power.Todd Monteferrario,President of the National School Transportation Association,said pare
35、nts should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can.12345Topic sentencesSupporting detailsConclusion文章结构ArgumentWays ofarguingwith hypothesis(假设假设)with examples and analysiswith cause and effectby comparing and contrasting议论文写作手法Exposi
36、tionWays ofexplainingwith factswith exampleswith cause and effectby definingby comparing and contrastingby dividing and classifying说明文写作手法2 These school buses meet more of the nations motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicles on the road.Also,several new technologies available today are
37、 making school buses even safer,such as video cameras on the inside and outside,stop arm cameras,GPS tracking and collision lessening systems.Another safety tool on school buses is high seat backs,closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seating.1.Read for Supporting detailsPARA.2School buses are t
38、he safest Meet more of the safety standardNew technologiesStop arm cameras GPS trackingcollision lessening systemsseating video cameras Topic sentenceSupporting detailsMajor factsMinor factsTopic sentenceMajor facts+1.有时段落的topic sentence因为过于浓缩而变得抽象使读者不能充分理解，此时必须加上major facts，有时甚至minor facts;2.有时段落支撑
39、信息只有minor facts,可以通过概括提炼major facts.3.利用段落中的逻辑词确定topic sentence 和major facts 之间的关系。Tip2：段落要点须包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息3 But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big,yellow bus.The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive th
40、em.All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License(CDL).They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs,usually have their driving record checked,and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students.In order to serve as a
41、school bus driver,most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course,along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.Practice3 But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big,yellow bus.The bus is only as
42、safe as the professional men and women who drive them.All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Drivers License(CDL).They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs,usually have their driving record checked,and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who
43、 have contact with students.In order to serve as a school bus driver,most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course,along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.PracticeSchool bus drivers*obtain CDL*tested for alcohol and drug*review for criminal history comp
44、lete a training course are reliablepass strict qualificationtestsPara.3Tip3：当段落只有supporting details,需要提炼概括要点4 School buses are safe for the environment,not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would,but for the buses,be on the road taking and picking up school children.Additionally,
45、school buses use alternative green fuel like natural gases,and electric power.5 Todd Monteferrario,President of the National School Transportation Association,said parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can.School bus is t
46、he safest way of transporting kidsSchool busare safest School bus drivers are most reliable School bus are safe for the environmentmeet higher safety standard new technologiespass various strict tests complete a training course replace passenger cars use green fuelsSafest and wisest choice:Put kids
47、on school busesAuthors pointreasonsconclusionStop arm cameras GPS trackingcollision lessening systemsseating video cameras*obtain CDL*tested for alcohol and drug*review for criminal history 2.Draw mind mapTip 4:绘制思维导图，确保要点完整，层次清晰3.PARAPHRASE Although a lot of people were strongly against it,three mo
48、re nuclear power stations were built.Besides,one has to consider who he is spending the holiday with.Another three nuclear power stations were built despite the strong opposition.Another consideration is the companion变换方式：句子 短语 单词变换方式：句子 名词 1.同义词、短语替换 2.句式转换 3.词性转换 4.主被动语态转换 A private American organ
49、ization call PAI has just conducted a study and says more than 335 million people,who mostly live in poor areas,do not have enough water for daily life and work.A study shows that more than 335 million people,living mainly in poor regions,are suffering from water shortage.变换方式：句子 非谓语结构Tip 5:改写原则长变短:
50、复合句/并列句-简单句 句子-短语/单词多变少：详细具体的表达-概括笼统的表达Each paragraphThe whole passage列举first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),next,then,finally(eventually);for one thing,for another让步anyway,anyhow,although,thoughdespite,in spite of,增补also,whats more,moreover,furthermore,in addition,above all对比instead,on the contrary,by co
