1、Unit 3 Getting along with othersGrammar and usageLearning objectives 学习目标学习目标 By the end of this section,you will be able to:1.Understand the defenition(定义定义)of attributive clause&restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns(关系代词);2.Work out rules of restrictive relative clauses with relative
2、 pronouns and learn how to use them in practice.3.Analyze(分析)the context and choose suitable relative pronoun.She is the one _ you never She is the heaven-sent angel _ you Oh,she must be the reason _ God made a girl.She is so pretty all over the world.Step 1 Lead-in定语从句结构She is the one that you neve
3、r forget.先行词先行词 关系词关系词定语从句定语从句定从三要素：先，关，定先行词：被定从修饰关系词(连):连接主句和定从定从：修饰先行词Step2：Structure定定语语形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语1.What is the attribute？非谓语动词非谓语动词从句从句(定语从句）定语从句）She is a beautiful girl.Amy is a woman teacher.The girl in red is my sister.I have something to say.The boy making face is my son.Japan is a d
4、eveloped country.Lily is the girl who I met yesterday.定语相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，常译为“.的”什么可以什么可以做定语做定语定义定义eg.She is the one that you never forget.定语定语从句从句定义定义结构结构从句2.What is the attributive clause？关系词关系词修饰名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句先行词关系词被修饰的名词或代词 引导定语从句 替代先行词 充当句子成分关系代词关系副词who whom that which whose aswhen where why Step3
5、：Explore the rulesTask1：Find the sentences with restrictive relative clauses in the article on page 34.时间：2 分钟要求：自主学习 A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.A real friend is someone who sees our true self,not
6、just the face that we show to the world.Yet these days,the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.“Sharing”our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matt
7、er most to us.“Liking”our friends photos online does not develop the connection which we share.Find the antecedent（先行词）先行先行词词可以是可以是人人也可以是也可以是物物关系代词指代在定语从句中所充当的成分人物主语宾语定语whowhomwhichthatwhose 1.A real friend is someone who walks in 3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self6.the friends whom w
8、e love.7.the values which matter most to us.8.the connection which we share.4.not just the face that we show to the world.5.the modern tools that keep us connected2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.Task 2 Observe the sentences and finish the following table.A restrictive relati
9、ve clause modifies a noun,pronoun or noun phrase before it.We use relative pronouns or relative adverbs to introduce restrictive relative clauses.We use(1)_ for things,and(2)_ and whom for people.We can use(3)_for both things and people.We use(4)_ to show possession持有.whichwhothatwhoseStep 4：Working
10、 out the rulesHe(_)does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。This is the famous scientist(_)we visited last week.这就是我们上周拜访的那位著名科学家。4.关系代词的用法之关系代词的用法之 who/whom先行词是先行词是人人-在从句中在从句中充当主充当主/宾宾The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.先行词是先行词是人人-在从句中在从句中充当宾充当宾Mr.Li is the
11、person to whom you just talked.whowho/whomwho/whom做宾语时可省略Step 5：Applying the ruleswho和和whom都用于指代人，都用于指代人，who往往往往可以代替可以代替whom在从在从句中担任句中担任宾语宾语，但前面有介词时，但前面有介词时必须用必须用whom，即，即“介词介词+whom”。that which先行词是先行词是人人/物物-在从句中充当在从句中充当主主/宾宾A plane is a machine that can fly.Lets ask the man that is reading the book o
12、ver there.先行词是物先行词是物-在从句中充当主在从句中充当主/宾宾They planted the trees which didnt need much water.关系代词关系代词He finally worked out the problem _ puzzled him for a long time.他最后解出了这个令他困惑很久的问题。The fish(_)we bought yesterday were not fresh.我们昨天买的鱼不新鲜。that/whichthat/which关系代词的用法之关系代词的用法之 that/whichthat/which做宾语时可省略
13、whoseas先行词是先行词是人人/物物-在从句中在从句中定语定语This is the boy whose composition the teacher liked.This is the book whose cover is blue.修饰句子修饰句子-正如正如As is known,China is a very big country.关系代词关系代词关系代词的用法之关系代词的用法之 whose/asThere is a mountain _top is always covered with snow.有一座山顶常年被雪覆盖的山。_ everyone knows,China is
14、 a beautiful country with a long history.正如每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。whoseAs 介词介词+关系代词关系代词注意：指物时介词which 指人时介词whomExamples:1.The man _ you shook hands just now is our headmaster.2.The room _ my family live used to be a garage.with whomin which1)Is this the play _ which you were talking just now?2)The s
15、ubject _ which Bob is interested is English.3)In his room,we saw a big table_ which there were all kinds of books.4)Do you remember the place _ which we met 10 years ago?5)Air,_ which man cant live,is important.6)I bought a dozen of eggs,half _ which were broken when I got home.aboutinwithoutof介词的选用
16、介词的选用onatin根据从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配习惯根据先行词来确定根据从句句意或所属关系当先行词是当先行词是way并表示并表示“以以的方式的方式”在定语从句中在定语从句中作状语作状语时，定语从句常用时，定语从句常用that或或 in which引导，引导，that或或in which也可以省略。如也可以省略。如:I like the way(that/in which)she smiles.我喜欢她微笑的方式。我喜欢她微笑的方式。如何正确选择关系词Step 1Step 2Step 3找到先行词找到先行词先行词代指人还是物先行词代指人还是物从句中缺少什么成分从句中缺少什么成分选定恰当的关
17、系词选定恰当的关系词一看空前人物时地原 二看空后是否缺主宾Lets play a game Ready?Go!This is the best film _ I have ever seenthatthatwhichSorry,you are wrong!This is the first play_I have seen since I came here.thatthatwhichSorry,you are wrong!Please get ready for everything _ we need.thatSorry,you are wrong!whichthatChatting is
18、 the only thing_interests me.thatSorry,you are wrong!whichthatWhich is the T-shirt _fits me most?thatthatwhichSorry,you are wrong!that和和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在但在下列情况下下列情况下,一般用一般用that而不用而不用which。Do you have anything _ you dont understand?(1)词词all,everything,nothing,something,anything,lit
19、tle等等,。This is the first tree _ he has planted.the best film _ I have ever seen.(2)先行词前序高级，使用先行词前序高级，使用that必无疑。必无疑。(3)先行词有人和物，that来当顶梁柱。The film star and her film _you have just talked about are well-known.（4）先行词被）先行词被all,every,some,any,the only,the very,the last等修饰。等修饰。Ive read all the books that a
20、re written by him.他写的书我都读过了。This is the very book that belongs to him.这正是他的书。（5）先行词是）先行词是who或或which引导的主句中。引导的主句中。Who is the girl that drove the car?开车的女孩是谁？Which is one of the things that make people happy?以下哪一件事情能让人快乐？找出下列复合句中只能用找出下列复合句中只能用that，不用，不用which连接的定语从句（连接的定语从句（）1.In China,parents always d
21、o everything _ they can to support their children.2.This is the place _ we visited yesterday.3.It was the largest map _ I ever saw.4.This is the last thing _ I want to do.5.He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels _ filled his bus.6.Chatting is the only thing _ interests her most.Practi
22、ce makes perfect只用which不用that：1.非限制性定语从句中，前面有非限制性定语从句中，前面有逗号逗号，只能用，只能用which。2.介词介词后面的的关系代词只能用后面的的关系代词只能用which(或者或者whom)。Rules1.The hospital _was built five years ago has been modernized.2.This is the boy _father died three years ago.3.The film _we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting.4.D
23、o you know the student _was praised at the meeting?5.Here are players from Japan,some of _are our old friends.Practice makes perfectwhich/thatwhosewhich/thatwho/thatwhom6.I sat next to a girl _ name was Diana.7.I loved the lessons _ she gave in English Literature.8.Some of the cities in China _ he l
24、ikes most are Beijing,Shanghai,Harbin and Nanjing.9.Most of the students _ he taught have become his friends.10.Neil Armstrong is the person _ made people around the world realize that space exploration was truly possible.whose(which/that)(which/that)whomwho定语从句Summary定语从句的概念：定语从句在主从复合句中担任定语功能，对主句中某
25、一名词或代词起修饰限定作用。定语从句的两大要素定语从句的两大要素：先行词先行词和关系词关系词的分类：关系词的分类：关系代词关系代词和关系副词关系词关系词的作用：的作用：连接作用；替代作用；充当句子成分连接作用；替代作用；充当句子成分概念关系代词的选择关系代词只用that 不用which的情况1.先行词指人，作主语时，关系代词用whothat2.先行词指人，作宾语时，关系代词用whomwhothat3.先行词指物，作主语时，关系代词用whichthat4.先行词指物，作宾语时，关系代词用whichthat5.先行词指人或指物，作定语时，关系代词用whose1.先行词被all,every,no,s
26、ome,any,little,much等修饰时2.先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰3.先行词被the only,the very,the last修饰4.先行词既有人又有物5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句HomeworkAnswer1.Common interests provide rich ground from which many friendships grow.2.Friendships grow best between friends whose communication is warm and open.3.Friendships
27、are like flowers which/that need to be taken good care of.Finish the exercise on P35 B1.4.A relationship with a true friend(whom/that/who)you can count on will surely produce fruit.5.To make friends,you should help others the way(in which/that)you have been helped.the way做先行词时，做先行词时，引导词可用引导词可用 in wh
28、ich,that 或或 不填不填B2 The passage below is about friendship in a great novel.Complete the passage with correct relative pronouns where necessary.that/whichwhosewho/thatwhich/that/省略whichwho/that/whom/省略who/that391.All my classmates enjoyed the cake _ I made.2.She has a brother _ name I cant remember.3.
29、It is believed by many people that the man _ makes no mistakes does not usually make anything.4.My sister Tina likes reading novels _ were written by Charles Dickens.5.It is an Australian company _ logo looks like a red kangaroo.(which/that)whose who/that which/that whose 406.The book _ I borrowed f
30、rom the library yesterday is very interesting.7.This is the best film _ we have ever made about friendship.8.I really admire people _ can work in such difficult conditions.9.The man _ we met in the street just now used to be my English teacher.10.I admire the way _ he solves the problem.(which/that)that who/that(who/that/whom)(in which/that)
