1、英语句子结构和成分是中学英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空，语法填空和写作中。知识梳理英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。主要句子成分：主语(subject)-s； 谓语(predicate)-v次要句子成分：宾语(object)-o； 定语(attribute)-attr； 状语(adverbial)-adv； 补语(complement)-c;表语(predicative)-p； 同位语(Appositive)等。l 主语概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句
2、子的主体，通常位于句首。充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。David arrived last night.（名词作主语）Thats OK. （代词）Two will be enough.（数词）To do morning exercises is good for our health.（不定式）Seeing is believing.（动名词）The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country
3、.（名词化的形容词）What he said is not true.（主语从句）l 谓语概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。一般位于主语之后。充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，谓语有时态与语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。 (1)由单一动词V.做谓语We are Chinese.(2)情态V + V原He can speak English well.(3)助V +VI have seen this man before. l 宾语概
4、念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。 1. 名词或相当于名词的短语I accepted your wise advice.2.代词或相当于代词的短语All of us like him.3.数词或数词短语Give me four.4. the + 形容词表示一类人They teach the blind to read.5.不定式或不定式短语He began to learn En
5、glish a year ago./He did not know what to say.6.动名词或动名词短语He is used to working at night./This book is worth reading.7.从句I think that he is right./I wonder if youd like to go with us.l 表语概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。位置：位于系动词之后。充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。1.形容词I feel much better
6、 today.2.代词The book is mine.3.名词或名词所有格They are my students.4.数词His telephone number is 88888888.5.副词They are over there.6.介词短语They are in trouble.7.不定式短语My dream is to go to college.8.动词ing短语His hobby is collecting stamps.9.过去分词短语My camera is broken.10.从句The truth is what he said just now.l 定语概念：修饰或
7、限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。1.形容词或相同于形容词的结构He is a kind-hearted man./He is a 15-year-old student.2.冠词或代词This book is
8、 Mine./The boy was Tom./My father was washing his car.3.名词或名词所有格He bought a coffee cup yesterday./He is Toms father.4.数词Three boys are running along the bank./You are the first one here.5.副词The boy there needs a pen./He is on his way home.6.介词短语Do you know the boy in the first row?/The girl in a dre
9、ss is his sister.7.不定式短语I have a lot of work to do./ The boy to write this letter needs a pen.8.动词ing短语Let me tell you a moving story./Horses are grass-eating animals./The smiling boy needs a pen. 9.过去分词短语 The boy needs a pen bought by his mother./In the fall we can see a lot of fallen leaves.10.从句T
10、he meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.l 状语概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。1.副词或副词短语作状语He speaks Engli
11、sh very well.2.介词短语作状语The boy was praised for his bravery.3.动词不定式短语The box is too heavy for me to lift.4.动词ing短语Wearing a pair of sunglasses, he went out .5.过去分词短语Written in a hurry， the article was not so good.6.从句作状语If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.l 补语概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部
12、分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.（形容词做宾补）2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.（名词短语作宾补）3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better
13、 known to British students. （过去分词短语作宾补）l 同位语概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。1. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotlands best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London.(名词)My friend,Mary,boughta be
14、autifuldressin the departmentlast weekend. 主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语句子成分1Sometimes when I miss her, I search for the songs she used to play on the Internet.A定语B状语C宾语D主语2He will be known for his achievements and realize his dream some day.A宾语B谓语C定语D主语3The beef noodles in this restaurant taste delicio
15、us.A表语B谓语C状语D主语4Cindy plans to watch Days of Our Past tonight.A表语B定语C宾语D谓语5I go to the movies once a month.A主语B谓语C宾语D状语6There is a little milk in the cup.A表语B定语C主语D宾语7Sun Cinema is the best because you can sit the most comfortably.A状语B宾语C定语D谓语8Which of the following sentences has an Object Complemen
16、t（OC）?AEarth has lost 50%of wildlife in the past 40 years.BAnimals feel pain like humans.CWe feel wildlife the beauty of nature.DWe can stand up for wildlife.9I really enjoyed walking around the town.A谓语B表语C状语D宾语10The teacher said that he would go there on time.A宾语B主语C表语D谓语11Eating too much is bad f
17、or your health.A表语B主语C宾语D谓语12These factories should be closed because of their serious pollution.A定语B状语C宾语D表语写出画线部分的句子成分13My father is an engineer. 14He feels good. 15She missed the school bus because she got up late. 16I have been to Beijing. 17Passengers in the station are in a mess. 18The vase wa
18、s knocked off the desk broken. 19Shopping online is usually cheaper. 20Would you mind opening the window? 21She is on a diet. 22He didnt help the boy. 基本句型简单句的基本句型在近年来中考英语中没有直接考查，而且安徽中考英语中从没有叫学生分析句子结构的考核。但是词义辨析、非谓语动词的习惯用法、主谓一致等等都会涉及到句子结构，复合句的理解更是以简单句为基础，书面表达也需要学生能掌握简单句的基本结构，从而写出正确的句子。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五
19、种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一： + （主谓）基本句型二： +link- + （主系表）基本句型三： + + （主谓宾）基本句型四： + +IO + （主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五： + + + （主谓宾宾补）基本句型一： +（主谓）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。例如：1.Time flies.2. Everybody laughed. 3. I woke very soon.4. They talked fo
20、r half an hour.5. He walked yesterday .基本句型二： +link- +（主系表） 此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。 1. This is an English d
21、ictionary.2. The dinner smells good.3. Everything looks different.4. He is tall and strong.5. The weather became warmer.基本句型三： + +（主谓宾） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。1. Who knows the answer?2. She laugh at her.3. Danny likes donuts.基本句型四： + +IO +（主谓间宾
22、直宾） 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。1. She passed him a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. He bought her nothing. 4. I gave him a hand. 5. I told me how to run the machine. 基本句型五： + + +（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是
23、：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。1. We keep the table clean. 2. They call supper dinner. 3. What makes him sad? 4. We saw him out. 5. He asked me to come back soon. 6. I saw them getting on the bus. 基本句型练习题23Mary, could you tell me the structure of the sentence “The good news mad
24、e me happy.”?OK. Its _.AS+V+PBS+V+DO+IOCS+V+DODS+V+DO+OC24Which of the following sentence has the same structure as “It is getting dark.”?AHe bought me a gift.BThe fish tastes good.CThe boys are playing basketball.DMy mom buys me a basketball.25Which of the following sentences follows the structure
25、of “S+V+IO+DO”?AAutumn leaves turn brown.BSandys mum bought her a new hat.CI found him very interesting.DTommy does some reading every day.26Which of the following has the same sentence structure as “Snow makes children feel excited.”?AThe ground becomes white.BChildren make a snowman together.CSnow
26、 brings children lots of fun.DYou can see children play happily.27 Whats the structure of the sentence “He is flying a kite now.”? It is _.AS+VBS+V+PCS+V+ODS+V+DO+OC28What is the sentence structure of “You can find the answer to the question easily.”?AS+V+P.BS+V+DO+OC.CS+V+IO+DO.DS+V+O.29What is the
27、 sentence structure of “I offered my classmates some pink pencils”?AS+VBS+V+OCS+V+IO+DODS+V+P30The sentence structure (结构) of “Eddie is watching Hobo work.” is _.AS+V+DOBS+V+PCS+V+DO+OCDS+V+IO+DO31The sentence structure of “My grandpa always walks his dog in the morning.” is _.AS+VBS+V+OCS+V+DO+IODS
28、+V+DO+OC32The sentence structure of “Our teachers always make their classes lively.” is _.AS+V+OBS+V+DO+OCCS+V+IO+DODS+V+P33The structure of the sentence “The story sounds very interesting.” is _.AS+V+PBS+V+OCS+V+IO+DODS+V+DO+OC34What is the sentence pattern of the sentence “His father bought him an
29、 e-dictionary.”?AS+V+OBS+V+IO+DOCS+VDS+V+O+OC35Whats the structure of the sentence “It was snowing heavily at this time yesterday”?It is _.AS+VBS+V+PCS+V+IO+DODS+V+IO+OC二、连词成句36pocket money, cost, the latest helicopter model, the little boy, a lot of (连词成句) .37sure, landed, the hills, Im, near, some
30、thing, in the forest(连词成句) .38Australia, Canberra, the, capital, of, is, city .39make, to, easily, dont, others, promises (.) .40one of, the, traditional, it, festivals, in, is, China .41is，family，on，my，the，desk，photo .42swimming; I; playing basketball; and; am good at .43a, has booked, trip to Hang
31、zhou, Betty, on the Internet, two-day (连词成句） .44are, here, many, every, tourists, summer, there .45football, often, school, his, with, after, classmates, plays, Ben .46carefully, in the street, Kitty and Ben, walked . 47an animal, the Olympic mascot, often, a, national, is, feature, with .48language
32、; body; her; is; welcome; feel; making; people; they; so; for; go; to; her; help; (,) .49the staffs, the secretary, the meetings, always, to attend, on time, reminds(连词成句) .50the first, an abacus, one of, calculating machines, was （连词成句） .三、根据括号内的句子成分提示，将下列句子 翻译成英文。51我昨天收到了一份礼物。 (S+V+O+A) 52我父亲将会给我买
33、一台新手机。(S+V+IO+DO) 53他成为了一名科学家。(S+V+C) 54这条消息让她开心了。(S+V+O+C) 55凯特给他送去许多书。(S+V+DO+IO) 56我不知道该做什么。(S+V+O) 句子种类句子类型分为4种：在中考题型中，感叹句和疑问句考得最多。特别疑问句，疑问词的用法是最重要的考题之一。57他们还赢得了广东省飞镖比赛冠军。多么棒的项目啊！They won the Championship of Guangdong Darts Match, too. project it is!58_ it was to see the main sights of the world
34、 in the World Park!AHow amazing dayBHow an amazing dayCWhat amazing dayDWhat an amazing day59China won all the gold medals at the 2023 World Table Tennis Championships._ exciting news!AWhat aBHow aCHowDWhat60Please move your car away, sir. This is “_” area.ANo smokingBNo parkingCNo swimmingDNo litte
35、ring61_ trying and do your best.AKeepBKeepingCTo keepDKept62_ have you been a member of the Youth League?For three years.AHow longBHow manyCHow oftenDHow far63Excuse me, _ is the Gengsu Theatre from this hotel?Its about ten minutes if you take a taxi.Ahow farBhow longChow soonDhow much64_ do you lea
36、rn these words by heart?By using them in different ways.AWhenBHowCWhyDWhere句子种类用 法示 例1. 陈述句 用来陈述事实或表达说话者看法的句子。句末用句号。有肯定句和否定句两种形式。This is a beautiful garden. 这是一座漂亮的花园。We didnt go to school yesterday. 我们昨天没上学。2. 疑问句 用来提问的句子。句末用问号。有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种，初中阶段要求掌握前三种。（1）一般疑问句用yes或no回答的问句。Are you a s
37、tudent? 你是学生吗？Do you like singing? 你喜欢唱歌吗？（2）特殊疑问句需要使用相应的疑问词来提问。常见的疑问词：what什么，what time几点，when何时，where何地，why为什么，which哪个，who谁，whom（宾格）谁，whose谁的，how如何，how old多大年纪，how much多少，how many多少，how often多久一次，how far多远，how long多久，how soon多久以后Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁？How many people are there in yo
38、ur family? 你家里有几口人？Which bike is yours? 哪辆单车是你的？How did you get there? 你怎么到那儿的？Whose book is on the floor? 谁的书在地板上？How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了？（3）选择疑问句选择部分由连词or连接。What would you like, tea or coffee? 你想喝什么，茶还是咖啡？Are you going to the cinema or the library? 你是去电影院还是图书馆？3. 祈使句 表示请求、命令、要求、
39、建议等的句子。通常不用主语，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号。否定形式：Dont / Never+动词原形+其他。为了使语气显得客气，可在句首或者句尾加上please。please在句尾时，前面一般要加一个逗号。Listen to me carefully. 仔细听我讲。Be quiet! 安静！Dont talk loud in the library. 别在图书馆里大声喧哗。Never swim in the river. 不要在河里游泳。Please come this way. 请这边走。Sit down, please. 请坐。 4. 感叹句 表示惊喜、愤怒、赞赏等感情的句子。多用
40、what和how引导，句末用感叹号。（1）what引导的感叹句（中心词是名词）What + a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)！What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)！What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)！What a lovely girl she is! 她是个多可爱的女孩啊！What an interesting book it is! 这是一本多么有趣的书啊！What beautiful flowers they are! 这些花多么漂亮呀！What nice weather we have today! 今天天气真好！（2）how引导的感叹句（中心词是形容
41、词或副词）How+形容词(+主语+谓语)！How+副词(+主语+谓语)！How dirty your hands are! 你的手太脏啦！How fast the boy is running! 那个男孩跑得真快！一、选择填空65Mike _ a basketball but he _ a baseball.Ahas; not haveBhas; doesnt haveChas; doesnt hasDhas; isnt have66_ is the sports watch? The red one on the shelf? Oh, its 10 dollars.AWhat colorBWhereCHow muchDWhat67_ does your school have a tri
