1、解解题题方方略略 我们必须了解文章的语篇结构，我们必须了解文章的语篇结构，掌握语篇的衔接手段，把握句际和掌握语篇的衔接手段，把握句际和段际之间的逻辑关系，才可有效解段际之间的逻辑关系，才可有效解题。题。1. 了解文章的语篇结构了解文章的语篇结构 说明文一般为总分或总分总结构，表现为说明文一般为总分或总分总结构，表现为一个中心话题、多个拓展段、一个（或没有）一个中心话题、多个拓展段、一个（或没有）结论段。其中首段为主题段，其后为拓展段，结论段。其中首段为主题段，其后为拓展段，各拓展段之间一般为并列关系，统一服务于中各拓展段之间一般为并列关系，统一服务于中心话题，主题一致，语义关联；结论段位于最心
2、话题，主题一致，语义关联；结论段位于最后（有的无结论段），进行总结，呼应主题后（有的无结论段），进行总结，呼应主题,明明确写作目的确写作目的。 20162020年五年年五年15套卷中的七选五的套卷中的七选五的语篇结构有以下四种类型：语篇结构有以下四种类型：结构类型结构类型全国全国卷卷全国全国卷卷全国全国卷卷考查考查次数次数图图1总总(1自然段自然段)分分2020，20192020(现象现象原因原因)，2017，20162020，2018，2017，20169图图2总总(2自然段自然段)分分2018，20163图图3总总(1自然段自然段)分分总总20172019，20182图图4总总(1自然段自
3、然段)分分分分20191以上四种，其实是三种。图以上四种，其实是三种。图1和图和图2都是都是“总总分分”结构，只不过图结构，只不过图2的的“总总”有两个自然段而已，共有两个自然段而已，共有有11套；套；“总总分分总总”结构的共结构的共3套；套；“总总分分分分”结构的仅结构的仅1套。套。总之，通常是总之，通常是“总总分分(总总)”结构，偶尔是结构，偶尔是“总总分分分分”结构。结构。把握住这个把握住这个”总总分分(总总)”的整体结构和段际的整体结构和段际关系，对于标题类和主题句类设空的解答大有关系，对于标题类和主题句类设空的解答大有帮助。帮助。 下面以下面以2020新高考新高考卷为例卷为例(方便起
4、见，只保留方便起见，只保留相关文字相关文字)：Talking with your doctor Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better Here are some tips for talking with your doctor. Stay positive. Keep track of how you are feeling. _39_ Your medical history is a list of your illnesses, treatments, what the doctors told you to
5、do, and anything else you think your doctor should know. Also, if you are allergic (过敏过敏) to any medicines, be sure to mention that to your doctor. Ask questions. 该语篇是典型的该语篇是典型的“总总分分”结构，据此，我们结构，据此，我们可以快速地从七个选项中为第可以快速地从七个选项中为第39题选出两个备选项题选出两个备选项，大大缩小了范围：，大大缩小了范围：E. Remember, your doctor and other care
6、givers are on your side. F. Bring your medical history, including a list of your current medicines.原因如下：原因如下：1. 1. 从位置上看，第从位置上看，第3939题为段落主题句，与其他三题为段落主题句，与其他三段并列，其他三个段落的主题句均是以祈使句，因段并列，其他三个段落的主题句均是以祈使句，因此第此第3939题也应是祈使句。题也应是祈使句。2. 2. 段落内容必须服务于段落主题。第段落内容必须服务于段落主题。第3939题，由题，由“medical history”“medicines”“
7、medical history”“medicines”可知选可知选F F项。项。 2. 掌握语篇的衔接手段掌握语篇的衔接手段 语篇的衔接手段主要有语法手段语篇的衔接手段主要有语法手段(如如指代等指代等)和词汇手段和词汇手段(如复现关系、同现关如复现关系、同现关系等系等)。 (1)语法手段语法手段(指代指代) 凡在选项中或空格前、后句中遇到代词，凡在选项中或空格前、后句中遇到代词，我们要思考该代词替代上文中的什么内容，我们要思考该代词替代上文中的什么内容，意义是否通顺。如：意义是否通顺。如： (2020年全国年全国卷卷) In Asia, messaging platforms are grow
8、ing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. _36_. Its been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globallyG. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with
9、a chat platform解析：解析：根据设空处前一句中的根据设空处前一句中的“In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly”及及后一句中的后一句中的“76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work”可可知，此处应表示信息通信平台已在全球范围内知，此处应表示信息通信平台已在全球范围内普及。普及。D项（这些平台已普及全球）符合语境，项（这些平台已普及全球）符合语境，此处此处D项中的项中的these platforms指代前一句中的指代前一句
10、中的messaging platforms。(2) 词汇手段词汇手段(复现复现/同现同现) 词语复现：词语复现：如果空格前、后句中与正确选项中如果空格前、后句中与正确选项中含有相同的一个或几个词，叫原词或同词复现；如含有相同的一个或几个词，叫原词或同词复现；如果前后句与选项中没有相同的词，但有同义表达，果前后句与选项中没有相同的词，但有同义表达，叫同义复现。叫同义复现。 (2020年新高考年新高考卷卷) Keep track of how you are feeling. _38_ This will make it easier for you to answer questions abo
11、ut your symptoms (症状症状) and how medicines make you feel. It also makes it easier for you to bring up anything that you are worried about. Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long youve felt that way.C. You can talk to another doctor if the treatments dont work.D. Before your doctors vi
12、sit, keep notes on how you are feeling.解析：解析：观察选项，选项观察选项，选项B中的中的“how you are feeling”与小标题中的与小标题中的“how you are feeling”属于原词复现。将答案代入原文，前后语义属于原词复现。将答案代入原文，前后语义衔接紧密，故选衔接紧密，故选D项项。 词语同现：词语同现：就是相互关联的词语在上下文就是相互关联的词语在上下文中有同时出现的可能性。如中有同时出现的可能性。如school, teacher, student, headmaster, class, test, fail, pass, le
13、arn等词就有可能在同一篇文章中同时出现。如：等词就有可能在同一篇文章中同时出现。如：解析：解析：与空后句中的与空后句中的ingredients(配料配料), pancakes (薄煎饼薄煎饼)可能同时出现的，只有选项可能同时出现的，只有选项A中的中的cook，故选故选A项项(鼓励孩子跟你一起烹饪鼓励孩子跟你一起烹饪)。 (2014全国全国卷卷)Your children need to be deeply curious. _37_Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better
14、next time?”A. Encourage kids to cook with you.C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.词语同现词语同现 结构复现：结构复现：就是句子结构重复出现，常有就是句子结构重复出现，常有also作为标志词。如：作为标志词。如： (2019全国全国卷卷)_37_More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, yo
15、ur values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.B. So how should you motivate yourself?D. So why should we try to set specific goals? 结构复现结构复现解析：解析：因空后句中因空后句中how should you与选项与选项B中中 how should you是结构复现；下文提到是结构复现；下文提到“更重要的是，你应该如何保持
16、动力来实现更重要的是，你应该如何保持动力来实现目标？目标？”，将选项，将选项B “那么你应该如何激励那么你应该如何激励自己呢？自己呢？”代入文中，前后意义衔接。代入文中，前后意义衔接。 值得注意的是，值得注意的是，利用词语复现解题十分管利用词语复现解题十分管用，但这并不意味着凡与上下句有复现词的选用，但这并不意味着凡与上下句有复现词的选项就一定是正确选项，只是在解题过程中需重项就一定是正确选项，只是在解题过程中需重点考虑或优先考虑而已。是否正确，还得将含点考虑或优先考虑而已。是否正确，还得将含复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是否衔接。否衔接。 3.
17、 把握句际的逻辑关系把握句际的逻辑关系(1) 总分关系总分关系:要求考生根据要求考生根据“总总(主题句主题句)”选选“分分(支撑句或分述句支撑句或分述句)”,也可能根据也可能根据“分分”选选“总总”。如：。如： (2020年全国年全国卷卷)_37_ Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than the
18、irs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world. F. Stop comparing yourself with others. G. When does the comparison game start?解析：解析：设空处位于本段段首，应为本段的主设空处位于本段段首，应为本段的主题句。根据本段中的关键词句题句。根据本段中的关键词句“Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.”和和“your life is better
19、 than theirs”可推知，本段应与将自己和他人比较有关。可推知，本段应与将自己和他人比较有关。故故F项（不要拿自己和别人比较）能够概括本项（不要拿自己和别人比较）能够概括本段主要内容，符合语境段主要内容，符合语境。(2) 顺承关系：顺承关系：顺承是按时间、空间或逻顺承是按时间、空间或逻辑事理上的顺序说出连续的动作或相关辑事理上的顺序说出连续的动作或相关的情况，分句之间有先后相承的关系。的情况，分句之间有先后相承的关系。如：如： (2020年全国年全国卷卷) Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Be
20、gin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. _39_C. Nothing is too small to celebrate. D. Remember, you are only human. 解析：解析：本段的主题是意识到自己所有的优点。本段的主题是意识到自己所有的优点。根据上文中的根
21、据上文中的“List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today.”可知，此处表示所列的成就中，即使可知，此处表示所列的成就中，即使是那些看似微不足道的小事，也是我们生活中是那些看似微不足道的小事，也是我们生活中的成就。结合选项可知，的成就。结合选项可知，C项（再小的事都值项（再小的事都值得庆祝）与上文为顺承关系，符合语境得庆祝）与上文为顺承关系，符合语境。(3) 转折关系：转折关系：选项或空后句中常有选项或空后句中常
22、有but, however, instead等词。如：等词。如： (2020年新高考年新高考卷卷)People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often, when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public” at the expense of the “speaking.” _17_ Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be you
23、rself and make a connection.前后语前后语义转折义转折关注公众而忽略演讲关注公众而忽略演讲A. Do the opposite. F. Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners. 关注演讲本身关注演讲本身相反之事相反之事解析：解析：空前提到了人们太过于关注公众而空前提到了人们太过于关注公众而忽略了演讲本身，后文则谈到要关注演讲本忽略了演讲本身，后文则谈到要关注演讲本身；由此可知，前后文之间形成语义上的转身；由此可知，前后文之间形成语义上的转折。结合选项可知，折。结合选项可知，A
24、项（做相反的事）符项（做相反的事）符合前后文逻辑关系及语境，指出要关注演讲合前后文逻辑关系及语境，指出要关注演讲本身而非观众本身而非观众。(4) 因果关系：因果关系：空格前后可能有空格前后可能有so, therefore, since, because等词。如：等词。如： (2020年全国年全国卷卷) _38_ This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isnt a lot of food served. There are usually no planned activities like games at a hous
25、ewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home.C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests. F. The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.因因果果解析：解析：空格后提到，空格后提到，“乔迁聚会上不会提供乔迁聚会上不会提供很
26、多食物很多食物”，选项，选项C“你也可以带食物或饮你也可以带食物或饮料供其他客人分享料供其他客人分享”代入原文，选项代入原文，选项C与空与空格后句存在因果关系，故选格后句存在因果关系，故选C项项。(5) 并列关系：并列关系：正确选项与前后句是并列关系。正确选项与前后句是并列关系。如：如： (2020年全国年全国卷卷). The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home. _36_ And it is a good time to fill the new space w
27、ith love and hopefully presents. E. It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like. F. The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together. 并列或排比关系并列或排比关系解析：解析：由空格前的由空格前的The party is和空格后和空格后的的And it is可推断空格的主语也很可能是可推断空格的主语也很可能是It，此处，此处it指代指代The party，三句并列，构成，三句并列，构
28、成排比句，表述乔迁聚会的意义；浏览各选项，排比句，表述乔迁聚会的意义；浏览各选项，只有选项只有选项E符合。符合。 (6) 解释关系：解释关系： 用更为明白易懂的话用更为明白易懂的话重述或解释重述或解释前前面的信息，常用面的信息，常用that is (i.e.), in other words, that means, in fact等或冒号等或冒号(:)、破、破折号折号()等标点。如：等标点。如：解析：解析：In other words表示该句是对空格前一句的解表示该句是对空格前一句的解释，且释，且take care of your body与与exercise是上下义复现，是上下义复现，还有
29、还有your brain原词复现，故选原词复现，故选G。(2011全国卷全国卷) 2. Go for a walk. Mildly raised glucose(葡萄糖葡萄糖) levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact, exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain._74_ D
30、. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading. G. In other words, when you take care of your body, you take care of your brain.近义表达近义表达B. The easiest is to steam it.C. This is how you can do it.(7) 列举或举例列举或举例解析：解析：前句说有前句说有许多种许多种煮鱼的方法，选项煮鱼的方法，选项B中中steam(蒸蒸)就是列举其中的一种就是列举其中的一种最容易的方最容易的方法法。故选。故选B项
31、。项。(2016全国全国卷卷) There are many common methods used to cook fish._40_The easiest = The easiest method列举列举(8) 相对或对立关系相对或对立关系(2020年新高考年新高考卷卷)Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. _16_ Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.D. When it comes
32、 to public speaking, less is usually more. G. However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be. 形成对比形成对比解析：解析：空前一句提到，有些人生来就具空前一句提到，有些人生来就具有公开演讲的天赋；而后面则询问读者是有公开演讲的天赋；而后面则询问读者是否想成为优秀的公开演讲者，并提供建议否想成为优秀的公开演讲者，并提供建议。选项。选项G项中提到的大多数人通过后天训项中提到的大多数人通过后天训练学会演讲与前文的有些人天生擅长演讲练学会演讲与
33、前文的有些人天生擅长演讲形成对比形成对比。(9) 顺序关系：顺序关系：指指one / first second (ly) third (ly) (第一第一第二第二第三第三)，first next then (首先首先接下来接下来然后然后)等。等。如：如： (2013全国全国卷卷 )One is the establishment (制定制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production, sales, the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies, and accounting._7
34、4_The third relates to the establishment of standards of word in all departments.E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.解析解析：因前有因前有One后有后有The third，这里应是，这里应是The second，故选，故选E。D. Its d
35、elightful to see so many beautiful flowers.E. Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.4. 重视语篇的明显标志重视语篇的明显标志(1) 语言标志：语言标志：指指someothersstill others (一些一些一些一些还有一些还有一些)等。如：等。如： (2016全国全国卷卷) Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses
36、of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料肥料)._38_ 解析：解析：由本段中的语言标志词由本段中的语言标志词SomeOthers (有的人有的人有的人有的人)可知应选以可知应选以Still others (还有的人还有的人)开头的开头的E项。项。 (2017全国全国卷卷)there are several ways to handle things. Lets take a look at them now. _37
37、_.Tell the person youre sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time. When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youll find them then. (2) 行文标志：行文标志：指根据行文的格式，特别
38、指根据行文的格式，特别是是小标题小标题和和主题句的句式结构主题句的句式结构，去判断正确选，去判断正确选项。如：项。如： When you need to talk to someone, dont do it in your own office If you have a door to your office, make good use of it解析：解析：文中的主题句均为完整的句子，均为文中的主题句均为完整的句子，均为if或或when引导的状语从句。根据本段内容可知，你引导的状语从句。根据本段内容可知，你要告诉别人你很抱歉并且解释你有很多事情需要要告诉别人你很抱歉并且解释你有很多事情
39、需要做，因此前文应是在你忙的时候，要学会拒绝。做，因此前文应是在你忙的时候，要学会拒绝。故答案选故答案选A项。项。A. If youre busy, dont feel bad about saying noB. When you want to avoid interruptions at workE. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in storie
40、s.(3) 标点符号标点符号 (2014全国全国卷卷) Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. _39_“Why do you think shes crying?” “Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face?” “If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel?”三个问号三个问号解析：解析：由空后的
41、连续三个问题可知，与由空后的连续三个问题可知，与F项的项的ask questions相关，故选相关，故选F，“我们可以在实我们可以在实际生活中这样做际生活中这样做(read people)，或者就故事中，或者就故事中的人物提问的人物提问”。七选五较容易，重点阅读前后句；七选五较容易，重点阅读前后句；前后句和选项，有词重复重点看；前后句和选项，有词重复重点看；弄清指代和逻辑，获得满分没问题。弄清指代和逻辑，获得满分没问题。七选五阅读的基本解法可归纳为以下七选五阅读的基本解法可归纳为以下顺口溜顺口溜：解题顺口溜解题顺口溜结构复现结构复现三条解三条解题思路题思路一看文章结构一看文章结构二找衔接词语二找衔接词语三析逻辑关系三析逻辑关系指代指代复现复现同现同现原词复现原词复现同义复现同义复现总分总分 顺承顺承 因果因果 举例举例 转折转折 并列并列 解释解释 对立对立THANK YOU!
