1、 The Complex Sentences in Junior English:初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause(宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause(状语从句)和 The Attributive Clause(定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。.The Object Clause(宾语从句宾语从句)宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。A)Introduce
2、d by that主句的谓语动词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。e.g.He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.Im sorry(that)he isnt here right now.Note:1.that 的省略：的省略：that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在
3、从句本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。e.g.I guess(that)somebody else has borrowed it.Im afraid(that)youll have to wait.2.宾语从句的否定转移：宾语从句的否定转移：主句是主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。误：误：I think chickens can not swim.
4、正：正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：试比较：I think he is wrong,isnt he?He thinks he is right,doesnt he?BackB)Introduced by if/whether if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if 多用于口语和非正式文体中，whethe
5、r则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：e.g.She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English.I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.BackNote:只用whether的四种情况：1.在介词后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.2.直接与or not连用时I dont know whether or not they will come to help us.3.在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中We discussed wheth
6、er we would have a sports meeting next week.4.宾语从句提前时只能用whetherWhether this is true or not,I cant say.BackC)Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（连接代词和（连接代词和连接副词）连接副词）一、构成：一、构成：1.1.宾语从句可由连接代词宾语从句可由连接代词what,who,whom,which等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。能省略。Do you
7、 know who will come this afternoon?(作主语作主语)Did you hear what he said?（作宾语）（作宾语）I dont know whose that is.（作表语）（作表语）Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?（作（作gate的的定语）定语）2.宾语从句可由连接副词宾语从句可由连接副词when,where,how,why等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。We didnt know when she would come back.Co
8、uld you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.二、难点：二、难点：1.避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；e.g.*I cant see that what is over there.（应去掉that）2.从句中的语序为陈述语序；e.g.*Do you know how old is she?(应改为：how old she is)3.从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。e.g.*She didnt tell me when she will come.(应改为：when she
9、 would come)三、转换：三、转换：由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。e.g.Ive no idea what were going to do next.=Ive no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?=Could you tell me how to get to the post office?四、宾语从句的时态四、宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中
10、谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：时态的限制。试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said th
11、at he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.宾语从句中考题练兵：宾语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择一、单项选择()1.I dont think he will come here on time,?(重庆重庆)A.wont he B.will he C.does he D.is he()2.Will y
12、ou please tell me?(上海上海)A.where Pudong Airport is B.how far Pudong Airport was C.how can we get to Pudong Airport D.when was Pudong Airport built()3.Its not polite to ask people in England.(常州常州)A.how much money you have got B.what the weather is like C.what your city looks like D.how old are you()4
13、.I wonder if he tonight.If he ,Ill let you know.(扬扬州州)A.will come;will come B.comes;comes C.will come;comes D.comes;will come()5.I cant say I want to see him again.We havent seen each other for nearly three years.(镇江镇江)A.how long B.how soon C.how often D.how much()6.Mr.Green told me that he on a tri
14、p next Sunday.(通化通化)A.are going B.was going C.will go D.would going()7.Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China.(河北河北)A.is in B.was in C.is to D.was to()8.Nobody knows hell come or not.(辽宁辽宁)A.that B.if C./D.whether 二、按要求改写句子二、按要求改写句子 1.“Do you want to try something new?”Toms mothe
15、r asked him.(改为复合句改为复合句,句意不变句意不变)(济南济南)Toms mother asked him to try something new.2.Could you tell me the way to the station?(改写句子改写句子,句意不句意不 变变)(青岛青岛)Could you tell me to the station?3.“I have finished my homework.”John told me.(改为复合句改为复合句,句意不变句意不变)(天津天津)John told me that homework.4.I dont how I ca
16、n reach the zoo.(改为简单句改为简单句)(宿迁宿迁)I dont know the zoo.三、根据汉语提示三、根据汉语提示,完成句子完成句子.1.我还没有决定是否去参加迈克的生日聚会。(黑龙江)I havent decided I will go to Mikes birthday party .2.据说在南京长江上又建了一座桥。（南京）Its said that bridge _ _ _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.3.请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(无锡)Would you please tell me me?4.你能告
17、诉我他从美国回来多久了？Can you tell me?.The Adverbial Clause(状语从句状语从句)状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。A)The Adverbial Clause of Time(时间状语从句时间状语从句)1)Introduced by when (表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当当时时”。)e.g.When you get off the bus,you mustnt push others.2)Introduced by before(表
18、示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在在之之 前前”。)e.g.They had already had breakfast before they went to school.3)Introduced by after (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为 “在在 之后之后”。)e.g.They talked about the party after the people left.4)Introduced by until (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为表示主句发生的动作发生
19、在从句动作之前，意为“直到直到为止为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到延续到until所表示的时间为止所表示的时间为止)e.g.I will wait until he comes.Note:(until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。notuntil 意为“直到才”。）e.g.She wont go to bed until she finishes her homework.5)Introduced by as soon as (表
20、示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一就”。)e.g.My brother went out as soon as I got home.Note:在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列 规律确定。规律确定。1)主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.The boy will be a writer when he grows up.2)主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：e.g.When the lights are red,the traffic must s
21、top.3)主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：e.g.Please dont go to bed before you finish your homework.4)主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：e.g.I liked reading when I was young.B)The Adverbial Clause of Place(地点状语从句地点状语从句)1)Introduced by where e.g.Put the medicine where you can easily get it.2)Introduce
22、d by wherever e.g.Ill go wherever you go.C)The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式状语从句方式状语从句)1)Introduced by as e.g.Ill do all the things as you told me.2)Introduced by as if/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)e.g.It looks as if its going to rain.He looks as if he were young.3)Introduced by the way
23、e.g.I dont like the way he talks.D)The Adverbial Clause of Reason(原因状语从句原因状语从句)1)Introduced by becausebecause语气最强，它着重说明原因。用语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的提问的问句必须用问句必须用because回答，不能用回答，不能用as,since；e.g.-Why didnt he come?-Because he was ill.2)Introduced by sincesince语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了
24、的因素，常译成于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然既然”，“鉴于鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；通常从句放在主句前；e.g.Since a lot of people make mistakes in life,Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.3)Introduced by as as语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；e.g.As he didnt know the meaning of the word,he looked it up in his dictionary.Note:for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接
25、的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。e.g.The oil must be out,for the light went out.E)The Adverbial Clause of Condition(条件状语从句条件状语从句)1)条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。e.g.If he doesnt come on time,we wont know what to know.He must come if he is told.P
26、lease let me know if he comes back.Ill go there unless it rains.2)If 条件句的替代形式：条件句的替代形式：（1）祈使句祈使句+and/or+陈述句陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，其中，and表示句意顺承；表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为表示转折，意为“否则否则”。e.g.If you work hard,youll pass the exam easily.=Work hard,and youll pass the exam easily.If you dont work hard,youl
27、l fall behind others.=Work hard,or youll fall behind others.（2）用介词）用介词with,without的替代形式：的替代形式：e.g.If there is no water,the fish may die.=Fish may die without water.If you help me,Ill finish my task on time.=With your help,Ill finish my task on time.F)The Adverbial Clause of Concession(让步状语从句让步状语从句)1
28、)Introduced by though/although e.g.Though he tried many times,he failed to work it out.2)Introduced by wh-ever e.g.Whatever he says(=No matter what he says),dont believe him.3)Introduced by even if/even though e.g.Even if he is poor,she loves her husband.(He may be poor,yet she loves him.)即使他穷了，她也仍然
29、爱他。Even though he is poor,she still loves her husband.(He is poor,yet she loves him.)尽管他穷，但她仍然爱他。G)The Adverbial Clause of Result(结果状语从句结果状语从句)1)Introduced by so thate.g.There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by.2)Introduced by sothat/suchthat e.g.He walked so
30、fast that I couldnt keep up with him.He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.H)The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的状语从句目的状语从句)1)Introduced by so that e.g.He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.2)Introduced by so that e.g.He explained it so clearly that he
31、wanted everyone of us to understand him better.I)The Adverbial Clause of Comparison(比较状语从句比较状语从句)1)Introduced by asas/not soas;than e.g.This question is not so difficult as I thought.The film is much better than we expected.2)Introduced by The more,the moree.g.The more he heard the song,the less he
32、liked it.状语从句中考题练兵：状语从句中考题练兵：一、单项选择一、单项选择()1.Somebody rang me up just now,but he hung up I could answer the phone.(无锡无锡)A.when B.until C.before D.since()2.Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper hes waiting for the bus.(徐徐 州州)A.if B.the C.because D.while()3.You must leave here now your mother can get som
33、e more rest.(常州常州)A.because B.though C.so that D.so()4.The meeting is important that you mustnt miss it.(盐城盐城)A.very B.such C.so D.too ()5.Im going to the supermarket.-you are there,would you please buy me some vegetables?(镇江镇江)A.If B.Because C.While D.After()6.Do you know what he did all day?(镇江镇江)
34、-He spent as much time playing as he .A.studying B.was studying C.studied D.did studying()7.If Mg in O2,we MgO,and it combination reaction (化学变化化学变化).(泰州泰州)A.will burn,get,calls B.burns,will get,called C.will burn,can get,is calling D.burns,will get,is called()8.he talked with her for a long time,he
35、 failed to convince(说服说服)her.(黄冈黄冈)A.Though B.But C.Since D.As 二、同义句改写二、同义句改写1.Wherever he is,he can make himself at home.(广州广州)he is,he can make himself at home.2.Miss Smith left here after the rain stopped.(淮安淮安)Miss Smith leave here the rain stopped.3.If you work hard,you will pass the exam.(盐城盐城
36、),and you will pass the exam.4.Tom was too happy to get to sleep.(大连大连)Tom was happy he couldnt .5.Get off the bus when the driver tells you.（宁夏）（宁夏）Dont get off the bus you _ _ _.三、根据汉语提示三、根据汉语提示,完成句子完成句子.1.你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多。你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多。（无锡）（无锡）,the more knowledge youll get.2.他是一个好人，与每个人都
37、相处的很好。（常州）他是一个好人，与每个人都相处的很好。（常州）He is such a kind man .3.山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）Sam couldnt wait to read the new book .4.尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）,I think it useful to learn computer well.5.看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）It looks .The Attributive Clau
38、se(定语从句定语从句)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。This is Tom.Tom gave us a talk yesterday.-This is Tom who(that)gave us a talk yesterday.先行词 定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why 一一、who,whom,whose引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1.who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定在
39、从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。e.g.This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2.whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。e.g.The man(whom)you saw last week has left the town.注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词之前，也可放在原来
40、的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.a)The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei.=The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)b)The girl whom he is taking care of is ill.(take care of是固定词组)3.whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。e.g.I know the woman w
41、hose husband is a doctor.He lives in the house whose window faces south.二、二、that,which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。通常情况下，它们可以互换。1.that,which在从句中作主语，不可省略。在从句中作主语，不可省略。e.g.Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2.that,which在从句中作宾语
42、，可以省略。在从句中作宾语，可以省略。e.g.Is this the film(that/which)you talked about last week?注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。且不能省略。e.g.The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room.=The house(which)he once lived in is a meeting-room.知识拓展：知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词that和和which，在一般情况下，尽管，在一般情况下，尽
43、管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用，而不用which：1.先行词是复合不定代词先行词是复合不定代词everything,anything,nothing等时。等时。e.g.She didnt forget anything(that)her mother had told her to buy.2.先行词被序数词或先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。修饰时。e.g.This is the first textbook(that)I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row
44、that is next to the window.3.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.That is the highest building(that)I have ever seen.4.先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same等修饰时。等修饰时。e.g.This is the very novel(that)you want to borrow.5.先行词是或被先行词是或被all,no,some,any,little,much等修饰等修饰时，时，e.g.Ive written down all(that)the teache
45、r doesnt allow us to do.They havent got any dictionaries(that)we need.6.先行词既包含人又包含物时。先行词既包含人又包含物时。e.g.He told us many interesting things and persons(that)we had never heard.7.主句是以主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时。引导的特殊疑问句时。e.g.Who is the man(that)you spoke to just now?Which is the book that was stolen by him?8
46、.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语 时。时。e.g.China is no longer the country(that)it used to be.三、关系副词三、关系副词where,when,why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 （在从句中作状语）（在从句中作状语）1.where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。e.g.This is the village where he was born.c.f.This is the village(that/which)he vi
47、sited last year.2.when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。e.g.Ill never forget the day when I joined the League.c.f.Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent together.3.why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。e.g.The reason why he didnt come yesterday is quite clear.定语从句专练：定语从句
48、专练：()1.The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000.A.which B.who C.whom D./()2.This is the most beautiful part I have visited.A.which;ever B.that;never C.which;yet D.that;ever()3.My necklace is not the only thing is missing.A.that B.which C.what D./()4.Were talking about Tonny,you met
49、 yesterday.A.with who B.whom C.which D.that()5.Is this the very museum some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday?A.one B.where C.that D.which()6.The book cover is red is Toms.A.which B.that C./D.whose ()7.The place I grew up is a beautiful town.A.which B.that C.where D.from which()8.I dont think the number of people this happens is very large.A.who B.to which C.that D.to whom()9.Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary?A.before B.which C.when D.as()10.Is that the novel about they talked in class yesterday?A.which B.that C.who D./
