1、ESAP心理学英语教程-电子教案Unit08-Skills focusSkills focusReadingReading understanding dependent clauses with passivesWritingWriting paraphrasing expanding notes into complex sentences recognizing different essay types/structures:descriptive analytical comparison/evaluation argument writing essay plans writing
2、 essaysVocabulary focusVocabulary focus synonyms nouns from verbs definitions common direction verbs in essay titles(discuss,analyze,evaluate,etc.)8.1 Vocabulary8.2 Reading8.3 Extending skills8.4 Extending skillsA Discuss the following questions.1 What does the word insanity mean to you?Insanity is
3、a term for serious mental illness.It is often associated with impetuous behaviour and irrational decisions and linked with violence.8.1 Vocabulary2 Which words in box a are correct psychological terms and which words are colloquial?What do they mean?Psychological terms:autistic,psychotic Colloquial
4、terms:crazy,deranged,insane,lunatic,retarded,madA Discuss the following questions.8.1 VocabularyTermsTermsMeaningsMeaningsautisticpsychoticcrazy&madderangedinsanelunaticretardedaffected by a mental disorder which inhibits social interaction,communication and emotional development.affected by a menta
5、l illness which is characterized by delusions,hallucinations and losing touch with reality.colloquial,or slang,terms meaning mentally unbalanced.Crazy is the colloquial word for insane in US English,but it is used worldwide.In UK English,mad is the colloquial word for insane,but in US English,mad me
6、ans angry.insaneaffected by a mental illness.Insane is used in general conversation,but is not a technical term for psychological diagnosis.a person afflicted by mental illness.Historically,people with mental disorders were thought to be affected by the phases of the moon(luna means moon in Latin).u
7、sed as a derogatory term for people with learning difficulties or brain damage.B What stereotypes are depicted in headlines A-D on the textbook page opposite?8.1 VocabularyB What stereotypes are depicted in headlines A-D on the textbook page opposite?8.1 VocabularyThe stereotype is of people with me
8、ntal illness committing violent crimes.The headline evokes images of a crowd of savages attacking defenceless children.Insanity is popularly linked with arson,and research has shown that it is the crime most frequently committed by psychiatric patients.The word crazies is a colloquial noun,formed fr
9、om the adjective crazy and then made plural.B What stereotypes are depicted in headlines A-D on the textbook page opposite?8.1 VocabularyThe stereotype of a schizophreniccommitting murder,particularly his/her mother.The knife is popular in films as the preferred weapon of an insane person.The film P
10、sycho is an example of the confusion between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder and psychotic episodes.Psycho(adj and n)is a colloquial word for insane or a person who is mentally ill.B What stereotypes are depicted in headlines A-D on the textbook page opposite?8.1 VocabularyThe autis
11、tic genius stereotype comes from the factual relationship between autism and exceptional talent(savant syndrome).10%of people with autism possess an unusual ability in art,music or mathematics.This stereotype is combined with the image of the antisocial personality committing intellectually complex
12、crimes.In 2001,Gary MacKinnon,a Scottish computer enthusiast with a form of autism,hacked into confidential US Pentagon files.B What stereotypes are depicted in headlines A-D on the textbook page opposite?8.1 VocabularyThe depressed adolescent has been a popular stereotype throughout history.The lin
13、k between depression and suicide is,however,factual.Since the advent of the Internet and social networking sites,for example,teenagers have taken part in online suicide pacts.C Look up each noun in box b in a dictionary.1 Is it countable,uncountable or both?2 What is its psychological meaning?3 What
14、 is a good synonym?4 What useful grammatical information can you find?8.1 VocabularyC Look up each noun in box b in a dictionary.8.1 VocabularyWord C/UMeaning in psychologySynonym Useful grammatical informationabuse delusion dissociation C/UU1.excessive or incorrect use of a substance 2.physical or
15、mental harm1.a false belief or opinion about yourself or your situation2.the act of believing or making yourself believe something that isnt true.distancing self from disturbing events1.misuse,mishandling2.injure,mistreat,damage,hurtfantasy,illusion,hallucinationusual use is in phrase:drug abuse,alc
16、ohol abuse.Usually meaning to take in excess and/or without medical guidance.Can be found as countable in fixed expressions.v=to abuseC/Udetachment,separationC Look up each noun in box b in a dictionary.8.1 VocabularyWord C/UMeaning in psychologySynonym Useful grammatical informationepisodefrenzy im
17、balance moodCCC/UC/Ua period when the symptoms of a disorder appearstate of uncontrolled mental excitation1.excess or deficit of a chemical element2.disproportionate behaviouran emotional stateevent,incident,occurrenceoutburst,hysteria,derangement1.disparity,discrepancy2.derangement,insanitydisposit
18、ion,frame of mind,mindsetusual use is in set phrases:manic episode,depressive episodeusually used in the singularC Look up each noun in box b in a dictionary.8.1 VocabularyWord C/UMeaning in psychologySynonym Useful grammatical informationpactpsychosissuicide syndromeCC/UC/Uan agreement to do someth
19、ing togetherinability to differentiate between imagination and reality;a symptom of mental illnessact of killing yourselfa group of symptoms that indicate a specific disorderarrangement,promisederangement,mental disturbancetake your own lifecondition,illness,diseaseused in the phrase:suicide pactv=t
20、o commit suicideC/Uused in the phrase:Downs syndrome,Aspergers syndromeused in the set phrase:psychotic episodeusually used in the singular1 Match the verbs with similar meanings.2 Make nouns from the verbs if possible.D Study the two lists of verbs in box c.8.1 VocabularyD Study the two lists of ve
21、rbs in box c.8.1 VocabularyVerbVerbNounNounVerbVerbNounNouncharacterizeexpelexploitlinklose touch withmanifestperpetuatepropagatevarydefineeliminatetake advantage ofconnectbe detached fromdisplaycontinuespreaddifferdefinitionelimination_connectiondetachmentdisplaycontinuationspreaddifferencecharacte
22、risticexpulsionexploitationlink_manifestationperpetuationpropagationvariety,variation1How does the writer restate each section heading within the paragraph?Model answers:A:Sensationalism in the press=melodramatic headlines in the newspaper B:Mental health and violence=people who suffer from mental d
23、isorders are violentE Look at the Hadford University handout.8.1 Vocabulary2 Find synonyms for the italicized words and phrases.Use a dictionary if necessary.E Look at the Hadford University handout.8.1 VocabularyItalicized Italicized words/phraseswords/phrasessynonymssynonymsItalicized words/phrase
24、sItalicized words/phrasessynonymssynonymsMelodramaticmisconceptionsimproveofWith this in mindpopularexploitsviolentprimitiveintimidatingsuch ascharacterizeslinkingacutemental illnessepisodesperpetuateSensationalincreaseTaking this into accounttakes advantage ofbasiclikeassociatingpsychiatric disorde
25、rspromotemistaken beliefsaboutcommonaggressivehostiletypifiessevereincidents3 Rewrite each sentence to make paraphrases of the texts.Use:synonyms you have found yourself synonyms from Exercise C the nouns you made in Exercise D passives where possible any other words that are necessary Example:Examp
26、le:Melodramatic headlines in the press can affect sales considerably.Newspapers sell far more when they have sensational headlines.E Look at the Hadford University handout.8.1 Vocabulary3 Rewrite each sentence to make paraphrases of the texts.E Look at the Hadford University handout.8.1 VocabularyA
27、Sensationalism in the pressA Sensationalism in the press Newspaper sales are enhanced by dramatic headlines.To appeal to the publics basic instincts,the press presents people afflicted with mental disorders as hostile and aggressive.The media does this both by misusing psychological terminology and
28、by directly associating violence and psychiatric disturbance.This results in the continuation of negative stereotypes of mental illness.B Mental health and violenceB Mental health and violence Although mental disorders and violent behaviour are often associated in the popular imagination,there is no
29、 scientific proof to support this.In fact,studies indicate that aggression is only typical of a minority of psychiatric patients in moments of severe psychosis.Possible paraphrases:1 Look up the definitions of the types of crime represented in the chart.F Study the chart on the page opposite.8.1 Voc
30、abulary1 Look up the definitions of the types of crime represented in the chart.F Study the chart on the page opposite.8.1 VocabularyTypes of crimeTypes of crimedefinitionsdefinitionsCommon assaultArsonThreats and harassmentAssaulting a police officerSexual offencesRobberiesintentionally attacking a
31、nd physically harming a persondeliberately setting fire to a buildingto threaten is to frighten people by telling them that they,or anyone associated with them,are going to be harmed;to harass is to bully or intimidate people by insulting them or making them afraid of what might happen to themthe sa
32、me as common assault,but is a different category of crime because the police represent law and orderacts which force individuals,including children,into unacceptable intimate contactstealing,theft,burglary2 What crime is most commonly committed by people with mental disorders?Why do you think this i
33、s?Possible answer:Arson is the crime most commonly committed by psychiatric patients.The reason is not fully understood,but research has shown that firesetters are typically male with personality disorders and occasionally mental retardation.The reasons given for starting fires deliberately often in
34、clude anger and revenge.F Study the chart on the page opposite.8.1 VocabularyA Link the causes of mental illness in this list with the items in box a:a chemical imbalance in the brain _b traumatic experience _c poverty _d genetics _e abuse in childhood _f drug abuse _ 8.2 Readingschizophrenia,depres
35、siondissociative identity disorder,phobiasanxiety,hysteriaschizophrenia,depressionschizophreniadissociative identity disorder 1 Which are stereotypically associated with violence?Schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder are popularly associated with violence.2 Give an example of a common bel
36、ief related to mental illness.Examples of common beliefs:Schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder are both characterized by split personality.All schizophrenics are violent.Hysteria is exclusive to middle-aged women.A Link the causes of mental illness in this list with the items in box a:8.2
37、 Reading 1 What should the writer do in each type?B Look at the five essay types on the right.8.2 ReadingWhat the writer should doWhat the writer should doDescriptive Descriptive writingwritingAnalyticalAnalyticalwritingwritingComparisonComparisondescribe or summarize key ideas/events/points.Give th
38、e plain facts.Could involve writing about:a narrative description(a history of something);a process(how something happens);key ideas in a theory;main points of an article(answers the question what is/are?)try to analyze(=go behind the plain facts)or explain something or give reasons for a situation;
39、may also question accepted ideas and assumptions(answers the question why/how?)compare two or more aspects/ideas/things/people,etc.;usually also evaluate,i.e.,say which is better/bigger,etc.1 What should the writer do in each type?B Look at the five essay types on the right.8.2 ReadingWhat the write
40、r should doWhat the writer should doArgument Argument writingwritingPractical Practical reportreportgive an opinion and support the opinion with evidence/reasons,etc.;may also give opposing opinions(counter-arguments)and show how they are wrongoutline background of experiment(previous experiments/li
41、terature);give reasons for conducting experiment;state hypothesis;describe the design,materials and methodology;report results;discuss results(e.g.,identify problems with design,materials,methodology);evaluate results of experiment(in relation to hypothesis);recommend future research 2 Match each es
42、say type with one of the questions below the slide(A-E).3 What topics should be covered in each essay question?B Look at the five essay types on the right.8.2 ReadingSee Vocabulary bank.See Vocabulary bank.B Look at the five essay types on the right.8.2 ReadingType of Type of writingwritingQuestionQ
43、uestionTopicsTopicsDescriptive writingAnalytical writingComparisonBCE stereotype:definition four stereotypes:e.g.,violent,unpredictable,criminal,deluded symptoms of mental illnesses:examples how stereotypes linked to symptoms:examples images of mentally ill:dangerous,homeless,criminal,embarrassing i
44、rresponsible reporting,exaggerated link between crime,violence and mental imbalance:examples use of graphics,fonts,colours in press:examples from headlines use of terminology to misrepresent mental illness:examples schizophrenia:definition dissociative identity disorder:definition examples of simila
45、rities:-symptoms:delusions,unpredictability examples of differences:-causes:genetic,physiological/trauma -disorganization/coherence -treatmentB Look at the five essay types on the right.8.2 ReadingType of Type of writingwritingQuestionQuestionTopicsTopicsArgument writingPractical reportAD violent cr
46、imes:often linked to mental illness thesis statement:mental illness is/is not linked to crime mental disorders associated with crime:examples disorders not associated with crime:statistics background:social pressure to conform reasons for experiments:investigate effect of social pressures on individ
47、uals hypothesis:individual attitudes affected by the majority describe experiments and result relate to effect of mass media on individual thinking strengths and weaknesses of experiments in relation to media influence conclusion:conformity promoted by mass media to some degreeSpecial verbs called d
48、irection verbsdirection verbs are used in essay titles.Each direction verb indicates a type of essay.You must understand the meaning of these words so you can choose the correct writing plan.Understanding direction verbs in essay titlesUnderstanding direction verbs in essay titlesVocabulary bankVoca
49、bulary bankKind of essayKind of essayDirection verbsDirection verbsDescriptiveDescriptiveState Say Outline Describe Summarize What is/are?AnalyticalAnalyticalAnalyze Explain Comment on Examine Give reasons for Why?How?Comparison/evaluationComparison/evaluationCompare(and contrast)Distinguish between
50、 Evaluate What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of?ArgumentArgumentDiscuss Consider (Critically)evaluate To what extent?How far?Practical reportsPractical reportsOutline Explain State Describe.Summarize Discuss 8.2 ReadingC Read the title of the text on the opposite page and the first sentenc
