1、第四讲 汉英语言对比1、谱系(language family)汉语-汉臧语系 Sino-Tibetan 英语-印欧语系 Indo-European 2、类型(type)语言的本质汉语-分析型(analytical)英语-综合型(synthetic);由综合型向分析型发展3.文字系统(writing system)汉语:表意文字 (ideographic)表意音文字 (ideo-phonographic)1)不带表音成分:象形(pictograph)指事(indicative character)会意(associative character)2)带表音成分:形声字 据统计，目前汉字库形声字比
2、重已超过90%。英语-拼音文字(alphabetic)由26个字母构成词语。不表意。冰心的故事：相思 躲开相思，披上裘儿 走出灯明人静的屋子。小径里明月相窥，枯枝-在雪地上 又纵横写满了相思。4.语音(phonetics)汉语是声调语言 (tone language)英语是语调语言 (intonation language)第一节 汉英词汇的对比一.词语语义对比：1.汉语:“历史悠久”英语:“融汇百川”2.汉英词汇对应的依据:客观世界大体相同 人的生理结构一样3.汉英词汇不对应的原因:文化(自然环境、社会历史、思维方式、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等）表现为：词汇空缺、词汇冲突 二.词汇的语法对比同:1
3、.词类数量大致相等,类别基本对应。2.名词、动词、形容词三大类开放性词 类在词汇中占较大比重。汉语：实词（名词、动词、形容词、代 词、副词、数词和量词）虚词（连词、介词、助词、叹词）英语：实词（Noun,Verb,Adjective,Adverb,Numeral,Pronoun)虚词（Preposition,Conjunction,Article,Interjection)异:1.从词类划分比较:汉语没有冠词,英语没有量词 2.从数量上比较:副词:汉语中少,为虚词 英语中多,为实词 介词:汉语中少,30个左右 英语中多,数不胜数 (包括简单介词、复合介词、短语介词）连词：有类似不同 复杂而有趣
4、的量词复杂而有趣的量词一本书、两枝笔、三扇窗、四把锁、五只鸡 一炷香、一抔土、一尾鱼、一床被、一叶小舟、一顶帽子、一方砚台、一出戏、一把锁、一眼井、一笔钱、两撇胡子、一椽破屋一弯新月、一轮明月、一缕炊烟、一抹斜阳、一带远山、一江春水、一派风光、一树梅花、一川烟草、一袭花香、一泓清泉、一垄土地、一缕乡愁一团和气、一丝希望、一门心思3.从词类使用的频率上分析 *汉语多用动词而英语多用名词 *英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高 *汉语的数词使用得多,因为汉语的成语及缩略语靠数词构成 *汉语的量词使用频率高,正如英语的冠词一样 三.汉英词类划分的理据比较 及对汉译英的意义1.汉英词类划分的理据 汉语词
5、类的划分主要依据词义，即词义的实与虚、动与静、具体与抽象等；英语的此类划分依据是语法，此类与句子成分有严格的对应关系，词义倒在其次。结果:汉英词类名同实异,同名异质 语言现实中:形异实同 因此:转类法 2.对汉英翻译的意义(启示）*由于汉英词汇意义存在不对应现象,翻译时应通过各种手段对译入语加以补充或限定,技巧上表现为词语的增减阐释借用音译等手段的运用;*由于词汇使用频率不对应,翻译是时不能拘泥与字面的对应,而应该以整体意义为重,灵活变通.*由于词类的性质不同,词类转换便成了汉英翻译中经常使用的技巧.英语中词类转换,一词兼几 类的现象比较普遍“You can happy your friend
6、s,malice or foot your enemy,or fall an axe on his neck.”-ShakespeareWho chaired the meeting?It can seat 1000 people.We should shoulder these responsibilities.I hope we can room together.They breakfasted at the guesthouse.第二节 汉英句子对比汉语语法呈隐含性 (covertness)英语语法呈外显性 (overtness)汉语句子:(parataxis)语义型或意合型 依仗意义
7、，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段。“以意统形”英语句子:(hypotaxis）语法型或形合型 依仗形式（包括词的形态变化，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（词组乃至语篇）的语言组织手段 -王力中国语法理论 只有四婶，因为后来雇用的女工，大抵非懒即馋，或者馋而且懒，左右不如意，所以也还提起祥林嫂。Only my aunt,because the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy,or both,none of them satisfied her,still spoke of Xianglins
8、 Wife.My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglins Wife.This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy,or both,none of them giving satisfaction.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。（梁实秋学问与趣味）I have come across a great m
9、any young friends,bright and diligent,do exceedingly well in studies,but they are rather weak in Chinese,even cant write a smooth Chinese letter.When asked why,theyll say they are not interested in Chinese.I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly we
10、ll in their studies,but are rather weak in Chinese.They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.When I asked them why,they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucit
11、y of the information media.由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.It is a curious fact,of which I
12、 can think of no satisfactory explanation,that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.AIdous Huxley:The
13、 Country3.现代英语的基本句型 1)SV（主谓）2)SVO（主谓宾）3)SVC（主谓主补）4)SVA（主谓状）5 SVOD（主谓间宾直宾）6)SVOC（主谓宾宾补）7)SVOA（主谓宾状）英语句子的谓语只有动词才能充当。作谓语的动词对句子其他成分的形式和句子的结构有很大的影响。汉语的谓语也是句子中非常重要的成分，但是汉语的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、名词或其他词语充当。4.汉英语言特征比较 汉语：主题显著的语言(topic-prominent language),采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的句式 “话语-说明结构”汉语句子建立在意念主轴(thought-piv
14、ot)上 英语：主语显著的语言(subject-prominent language),几乎都采用主语-谓语(subject-predicate)的句式 “主语-谓语结构”英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(form-pivot)上译文主语的选择原文：这件事你不用操心。译文1：This you dont need to worry.译文2:You dont need to worry about this.3.This is not something you need to worry about.4.It is unnecessary for you to worry about this.
15、5.There is no need to worry about this.我的头疼的要命My head aches badly.My head is killing me.I have a terrible headache.I have a splitting headache.I have a migraine.中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.In its amount of a
16、gricultural land per capita,China compares unfavorably with many other countries.China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capita agricultural land.懒惰的人不会成功A lazy person will never succeed.Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.Laziness makes success impossible.这位
17、母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.5.汉英句子结构比较汉语：“板块型”或“竹节型”汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似“万倾碧波层层推进”“左分支”结构 (left-branching)“后重心”：重要信息放在后面。“狮子头”（头大尾小）英语:“多枝共干型”或“葡萄串型”英语句子如“老树参天,枝杈横生”,句子长,插入成
18、分多,形成复杂嵌套结构.“右分支”结构 (right-branching)“前重心”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。前重后轻。“孔雀尾”：头小尾大 句子扩展模式汉语：逆线性延伸 首开放性(open-beginning)尾封闭性(close-ending)英语：顺线性延伸 首封闭性(close-beginning)尾开放性(open-ending)句首开放性（左分支）对。不对。他不对。我认为他不对。我告诉过你我认为他不对。我明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。句尾开放性（右分支）He is reading.He is reading
19、a book.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our
20、 library which has just opened.前重心与后重心英语句子和汉语句子的重心一般都落在结果、结论、假设或事实上；但是重心的位置不同：英语句子一般时前重心；汉语句子一般是后重心。1）原因和结果We work ourselves into ecstasy over the two superpowers treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that they may retain and their agreement on limitations on strategic offensi
21、ve weapons.两个超级大国签定了限制它们可保留的弹道导弹系统的数目的条约和达成了限制进攻型战略武器的协议，因此，我们感到欣喜若狂。生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.伪军士气低落，纷纷哗变、倒戈，傀儡政权内部分崩离析。Desertions and defections are rife among the puppet troops as a result of low morale,and the puppet regime is torn b
22、y internal strife.2)结论和分析The solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever hostage to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrastination and the postponement of the solution.不管是南非政府耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，
23、都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。揭穿这种老八股，老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股，老教条，这就是五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.3）假设和前提 小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。The peop
24、le of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.例如：曾国藩的故事 “屡战屡北”(He was repeatedly defeated though he fought over and over again.)“屡北屡战”(He fought over and
25、over again though he was repeatedly defeated.)第三节 汉英语体风格对比1.在词汇上的表现1)英语有丰富的同义词 *英语本族词(native words)*外来词(loan words)*习语同义词(synonymous idioms)另一种同义词分类法另一种同义词分类法：本族词与外来词同义词组固定短语与单词同义词组英国英语与美国英语同义词组原形词与缩短词同义词组同义词辨析词义轻重范围大小语体色彩（口头语、书面语）感情色彩（褒、贬）具体和抽象搭配组合 Brave:(Italian)坚定刚毅Bold:(old English)勇猛，甚至肆无 忌惮Cou
26、rageous:(French)坚强不屈的性格Valiant:(Latin)(雅literary）用于人 (very brave,especially in a difficult situation)Valorous:(Latin)(雅literary）用于人、事迹或技艺(full of valor-great courage,especially in war)postpone -put off tolerate -put up with extinguish -put out raise -put up“Words are seldom exactly synonymous.”-Samu
27、el Johnson“English is among the easiest languages to speak badly,but the most difficult to use well.”-C.L.Wren British Linguist 2)一词多义和一词多用现象 No context,no text.语境是判断词义的主要依据e.g.There are students and students.2.在句法上的表现汉语句式结构上：单句和复句其他：主谓句、无主句、流水句、主题句散句：长句、短句整句：对偶句、排比句、顶真句、回环句文体功能：整句多见于书面体；单句和 短句则多用于口
28、语体。英语句式结构上：简单句（simple sentence)并列句 (compound sentence)复合句(complex sentence)长度上：长句和短句修辞上：松散句(loose sentence)平衡句(balanced sentence)圆周句(periodic sentence)完整句 片语句(fragment sentence)主谓先后上：正装句、到装句英语句子的文体功能1.简单句、短句、松散句:多见于口语，给人自由、随意的感觉。2.复合句、长句：多用于阐述复杂的的思想，适用于逻辑严密、语意复杂的论证文体。3.平衡句、圆周句：节奏感强、琅琅上口、有气势，多见于演说类等具
29、有感染力的文体。3.篇章语体对比 王治奎：事务文体、科技文体、政论文体 和文艺文体王宏印：应用文体、科技文体、论述文 体、新闻文体和艺术文体刘宓庆：新闻报刊、论述文体、公文文 体、描述及叙述文体、科技文体 和应用文体 应用文体：广告、启事、通知、通告、契 约、合同、公函、私信科技文体：科学论著、实验报告、情报资 料、设备和产品说明论述文体：社会科学论著、政治文献、演 说报告等新闻文体：新闻报道、新闻电讯、新闻评 论、新闻特写等艺术文体：主要指文学作品（小说、散 文、诗歌、戏剧等）应用文体要求：译文格式正确，内容简明，语言朴实科技文体要求：术语正确，数据、公式、图表,完整无误，语言明晰无歧义论述文体要求:立场、观点、态度准确无误，逻辑清晰，语言庄重新闻文体要求:格式正确,语言得体,行文流畅艺术文体要求:准确达意,流畅生动,风貌尽出第四节 汉英节奏特点以及对语言的影响 1.音节扩充 由于音节关系而增加或减少的词素的翻译2.词语重复 汉语为了追求音节的平衡和句法的完整,往往需要重复;而英语以简洁为宗旨,尽量避免词语的重复.
