1、第11讲凤头豹尾,双管齐下开头和结尾在写作中的应用,一、魔法导航引人入胜的开头(凤头)是写作成功的保障,而回味无穷的结尾(豹尾)可以为文章锦上添花。因此,熟练掌握恰当的开头和结尾方式对提升作文品质至关重要。(一)记叙文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.情景铺垫法:在文章的开头先把人物、事件和环境交代清楚。Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.2.环境衬托法:在文章开头利用自然景物或社会环境引出要介绍的事物或谈论的话题。Graduation finally ca
2、me. My classmates and I decided to do something.,3.回忆引题法:通过回忆的方法引入文章要表达的主题。How time flies! It is two weeks since you came to our school and you are going to return to England soon.常用结尾法1.隐含式:用含蓄的手法间接地表达作者的情感或看法,让读者自己意会或思索。Grandpa and the children were very happy to see the bird flying away in the sk
3、y.2.抒情式:直抒胸臆,表达自己的看法或情感。Im confident that Ill live up to the expectation of my future.3.点题式:总结全文,进一步升华主题。From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the truth.(2015湖北卷),(二)说明文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.开篇点题法:一开头就点明文章要介绍的事物。Everyone has his favorite season whi
4、le spring is my favorite.(2016四川卷)2.问题引入法:在文章的开头先用提问题的方法引出文章涉及的内容。What should people really do to encourage their kids to concentrate their time and energy on studying lessons and doing well?3.引用数据法:利用数据引出要说明的问题或谈论的主题。The box-office income of Chinese movies witnessed a constant increase from about 1
5、7 billion yuan in 2012 to over 40 billion in 2015. However, that increase slowed down in 2016.,常用结尾法结论式:总结说明的事物,进一步说明其特征、影响、意义等。In conclusion,the true friendship means a lot to me,which contributes to my recovery as well as helps me succeed in study.(三)议论文的常用开头和结尾法常用开头法1.点明主旨法:提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐述的主题。Th
6、e person I would like to interview is Yang Liwei.(2015安徽卷)2.列举实例/现象法:通过实例或现象引出要谈论的话题。The phenomenon of “My friend falls,I laugh;my phone falls,I cry.” sometimes exists around us.,常用结尾法1.概括式:用一句或几句话概括全文内容,进一步深化主题或强调作者的观点。So,its safe to conclude that it is reasonable to include English which facilitat
7、es daily communication.2.引用式:引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。As a proverb goes,“Rome wasnt built in a day.” Success is not easy,so whatever failures we experience,we should believe in ourselves and keep trying.3.展望或呼吁式:在文章的结尾表示对未来的展望或期待,希望或呼吁人们投入行动。Therefore, its box-office income will probably enjoy a slight increa
8、se.,二、学以致用1.完美文章根据文章内容给下面短文写一个恰当的开头和结尾。How to keep healthy文章开头: With the improvement of living standards,more and more people are paying attention to their health.Here are some suggestions to help you keep healthy.To begin with,you ought to keep up a good state of mind,which is of great benefit to r
9、educing pressure and fighting against diseases.In addition,its a good idea to keep a balanced diet,which should include energy-giving foods and body-building foods.Last but not least,not only should you have enough sleep and rest,but you should also do exercise regularly.In this way,you can build up
10、 your body as well as ensure you work well.,文章结尾: In conclusion,so long as you form good life habits and eat healthy foods,you can live a healthy and happy life.2.话题写作【本期话题】文化交流【写作微练】请根据下面的提示,写一篇80词左右的英语短文。1.不同文化背景的人打招呼的方式各不相同;2.有的拥抱,有的握手,有时甚至引起误会;3.为了能更好地交流,要了解一些不同国家的文化习俗;4.身处异国时,我们要入乡随俗,不要给国家丢脸。注意
11、:给出恰当的文章开头和结尾。,答案One possible version:Generally speaking,people from different cultures have different ways to greet each other.When meeting each other,some hug,some shake hands,and sometimes they are likely to cause misunderstanding.Thus,in order to communicate well with foreigners,we should learn
12、something about culture and customs of different countries.Whats more,when abroad,we should keep in mind that we are representing our country and try not to lose face.Just as the proverb goes,“When in Rome do as the Romans do.”,本文档仅为全套资料之一，欢迎点击下方按钮链接，下载全套资料！,请点此到下载本文全套资料,三、实战提能在班级活动中,当你的想法与大多数同学不一致时
13、,你是坚持自己的观点并说服别人,还是尊重大多数同学的意见?请你以“When I Have a Different Opinion”为题,用英语写一篇100120个词的短文。要求如下:1.从以上两种做法中选择一种;2.以具体事例阐述你选择的理由。注意:短文中,不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、同学姓名等真实信息。我会审题,我会联想1.词汇铺路(1)选择choose(2)尊重respect(3)强调emphasize/stress(4)放弃give up(5)坚持insist on(6)倾向于 tend to(7)毫不迟疑without hesitation,2.句型搭桥(1)The main rea
14、son is that.(2)I would love to.我会表达When I Have a Different Opinion,答案One possible version:When I Have a Different OpinionWe may have different opinions in organizing class activities.When I have a different opinion,I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.The main reason fo
15、r my choice is that being brought up in a culture emphasizing collectivism,I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.Once we were left to decide whether to have a picnic in a park or go to a museum.I would love to go to a museum,but most of my classmates wanted to go for a picnic.Wit
16、hout hesitation,I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.Sometimes giving up a little can mean getting more.,【写作点评】文章开头首先引出要谈论的话题,然后接着表明了自己的观点:当自己的观点和多数人不同时,要尊重多数人的观点。然后说明了自己这样做的理由。文章结尾进一步点明了这样做的好处。整篇文章结构清晰,开头简洁,引人入胜;结尾简短,回味无穷。美句必背1.When having a different opinion,I prefer to respect the opinion of the majority.2.Brought up in a culture emphasizing collectivism,I have a tendency to sacrifice my own interest for the group benefit.3.There is no denying the fact that giving up a little can mean getting more at some times.,
