1、Unit 3 Back to the pastGrammar and usageThe two policies are contradictory.This is a water pump.His job is to handle the problem.Lead-inWhat do the sentences have in common in their structures?表语是表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语的，表语常由常由名词、代词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的名词、代词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的-ing-ing形
2、式、副词、形式、副词、介词短语、形容词、不定式介词短语、形容词、不定式和和从句从句等来充当。等来充当。The two policies are contradictory.This is a water pump.His job is to handle the problem.One theory was that bad air caused the disease._主语主语 系动词系动词 表语从句表语从句 总结总结：表语从句是指_,紧跟在_之后，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。用_语序。结构：_。从句在句子中充当表语从句在句子中充当表语系动词系动词_主语主语+系动词系动词+引
3、导词引导词+简单句简单句陈述陈述Linking Verbs系动词be动词动词感官类感官类变化类变化类am,is,are,was,werelook,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem变得：become,get,turn,grow;保持：keep,hold,stay,stand,remain;可以接表语从句系动词有：”似乎似乎”seem,appear引导词引导词从属连词从属连词:that,whether,as if,as though,because 连接副词连接副词:when,where,how,why,+(ever)连接代词连接代词:what,who,whom,whose,
4、which,+everPredicative clauses1.The most important thing is that we finish the final task.2.The question is whether we can finish it in such a short time.(1)从属连词从属连词:that&whether 用法归纳：用法归纳：a.that引导表语从句时，只起引导表语从句时，只起_作用，作用，作作/不作不作句子成分，句子成分，有有/没有没有意义。意义。b.whether引导表语从句时，只起引导表语从句时，只起_作用，作用，作作/不作不作句子句子成
5、分，通常翻译为成分，通常翻译为“_”“_”。注意，引导表语从句时通常。注意，引导表语从句时通常不用不用if。连接连接连接连接是否是否(1)从属连词从属连词:as if/as though“似乎、好像似乎、好像”as if/as though引导的表语从句引导的表语从句如果如果是事实是事实，就用，就用陈述语气陈述语气；如果如果与事实不符与事实不符，就用，就用虚拟语气虚拟语气(从句表示与从句表示与现在现在事实事实相反，谓语动词用相反，谓语动词用一般过去式一般过去式；从句表示与从句表示与过去过去事实事实相反，谓语动词用相反，谓语动词用had+过去分词过去分词；从句表示；从句表示将来的可将来的可能性不
6、大能性不大，用，用would/might/could+动词原形动词原形)。1.He looks as if he were a rich man.2.He looked just as if he had looked ten years before.3.It looks as if it might rain.(1)从属连词从属连词:because 1.He failed the math exam.Thats because he was too careless.2.He was too careless.Thats why he failed the math exam.3.The
7、reason why he failed the math exam is that he was too careless.用法归纳：用法归纳：This/That/It is/was because+原因原因This/That/It is/was why+结果结果The reason why+结果结果.is/was that+原因原因.(2)连接连接代代词词:who,whom,whose,which,what,wh-ever1.The problem is who could do the work.2.The question is who/whom I should ask for ad
8、vice.3.My trouble is whose advice I should follow.4.My top concern is which job is suitable for me.5.Exercise is what keeps us healthy.6.That mountain is no longer what it used to be.用法归纳：用法归纳：连接代词引导表语从句时，既起连接代词引导表语从句时，既起_作用，又作句子成分作用，又作句子成分(通通常作常作_)_)等。等。连接连接主语主语,宾语宾语,表语表语,定语定语what可以表示可以表示“什么，什么样子，或
9、所什么，什么样子，或所的（人或事）的（人或事）”(3)连接副词连接副词：when,where,why,how.M:The small village is where Mary lives.She became disabled after a car accident.That was when she was in high school.W:Poor girl!The question is how she has managed to live a normal life.M:She is an optimistic girl gifted in painting.Her works
10、are popular online.Thats why she can earn her living.用法归纳：用法归纳：连接副词引导表语从句时，既起连接副词引导表语从句时，既起_作用，又作句子成分作用，又作句子成分（通常作（通常作_）。）。连接连接状语状语(4)特殊规则：特定名词特殊规则：特定名词+that+（should）do结构结构用法归纳：用法归纳：表示表示_(advise,suggestion,request,proposal,idea,demand,order)等后面的表语，那么表语从句应该用等后面的表语，那么表语从句应该用虚拟虚拟语气语气,即谓语动词用即谓语动词用“shoul
11、d+动词原形动词原形”,”,should可省略。可省略。建议，要求，建议，要求，命令命令1.My advice is that you(should)think it over before you make a decision.2.引导词引导词连词连词关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词在从句中不作成分，在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用只起连接作用在从句中作主宾表定语在从句中作主宾表定语在从句中作状语在从句中作状语that,whether,as if/as though,becausewhat,which,who(m),whose，whatever,whichever,whoeverwhen,w
12、here,why,howSummary表示建议、命令、要求等名词后的表语从句要用虚拟语气：表示建议、命令、要求等名词后的表语从句要用虚拟语气：（shouldshould）+do+doPractice1.The fact is _ we should depend on ourselves.2.The city is no longer _ it was ten years ago.3.The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal.4.This is _ my father has taught me
13、to always face difficulties and hope for the best.5._surprised me most was _ he spoke Spanish so fluently.6.All shes worried about is _ he is all right.7.The most important thing is _ we can get through the difficult times.8.She looks _ she were ill.whenwhatwhatthatWhatthatwhetherhowas if1.The troub
14、le was _ we could manage it ourselves or not.2.Another unique human characteristic is _ we walk upright.3.The question,however,is _ this is what the developing countries need the most.4.The trouble is _we have no money.5.From space,the earth looks blue.This is _ about seventy-one percent of its surf
15、ace is covered by water.6.The only reason for my coming is _ I hoped to see you again.7.The biggest question is _ will take charge of the company.8.Liberty means responsibility.That is_ most men dread it.thatwhetherbecausewhetherthatthatwhowhy9.What puzzles Lilys friends is _ she always has so many
16、crazy ideas.10.China is no longer _ she used to be.11.The question remains _ they will be able to help us.12.It appears _ he has a taste for music.13.It sounds _ someone is knocking at the door.14.What I want to know is _ he likes the gift given by us.15.That is _ Lu Xun once lived.whywhatwhether/wh
17、enthatas if whetherwhere 4.每个人的治愈系食物很大程度上取决于他们来自何方。5.我最喜欢四川火锅的一点在于，它为朋友间的交往提供了很棒的机会。What I love best about Sichuan hot pots is that they offer a great opportunity to socialize with friends.Each persons comfort food largely depends on where they come from.Dear friends:To realize the value of 1 year,a
18、sk the student who has failed a class.To realize the value of 1 month,ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.To realize the value of 1 week,ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.To realize the value of 1 hour,ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.To realize the value of 1 minute,ask a perso
19、n who missed the train.To realize the value of 1 second,ask a person who just avoided an accident.To realize the value of 1 millisecond,ask the person who won a silver medel in the Olympics.Treasure every moment that you have!Yesterday is history.Tomorrow is mystery.Today is a gift.Thats why it is c
20、alled present!Exploring the rulesSima Qian,one of the greatest historians in Chinese history,was born in either 145 or 135 BCE.Influenced by his father,who was also a historian,Sima Qian took an interest in history when he was a child.He learnt Chinese classics from great literary masters,and at the
21、 age of 20,he began travelling extensively across the country.He interviewed the local people to get a wide range of information.Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.Below is an essay on the great historian Sima Qian.Find the sentences with predicat
22、ive clauses and fill in the box below.The first one has been done for you.His fathers dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.After his father died,Sima Qian succeeded his father as Grand Historian,which facilitated his access to official book
23、s and files.However,his work proved difficult,because sorting out all the available resources and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts.His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.As he carried on with his work,something awful happ
24、ened to Sima Qian.He was put in prison,where he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally.However,he was not defeated.He never forgot about his fathers dream,in good times or bad times.After more than ten years of hard work,the Shiji(Records of the Grand Historian),his masterpiece,was completed
25、.Working out the rules We can use a noun clause as the predicative of a sentence.We can use that to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a(1)_.We can use whether to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a(2)_.We can use what,why,when,where,etc.to introduce a predicative clau
26、se when the clause is a(3)_.statementyes-no questionwh-question对.感兴趣周游全国 获取广泛的信息 接替他父亲成为太史令 方便他接触.整理可用的资源 take an interest in.travel extensively across the countryget a wide range of informationsucceed his father as Grand Historianfacilitate his access to.sort out available resourcesUseful Expressio
27、ns需要艰苦的努力需要艰苦的努力 有效且高效地有效且高效地 继续某事继续某事 被关进监狱被关进监狱 身体上和精神上身体上和精神上无论顺境还是逆境无论顺境还是逆境 Useful Expressionsrequire painstaking effortseffectively and efficientlycarry on with.be put in prisonphysically and mentallyin good times or bad times Applying the ruleswhichthatthatwhywhetherhowApplying the rulesthatthathowwhy
