1、介词重温高考内容索引专题精析考点集训重温高考.单句语法填空单句语法填空1.This trend,which was started by the medical community(医学界医学界)a method of fighting heart disease,has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017全国全国)解析解析此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法,所以用介词此处
2、指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法,所以用介词as。考向1常见介词的考查答案解析as1234562.After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree engineering or architecture.(2017全国全国)解析解析关于某个专业的学位要用介词关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。工程学或建筑学学位。答案解析in1234563.Chopsti
3、cks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat their hands.(2016全国全国)解析解析with ones hands 用某人的手。介词用某人的手。介词with意为意为“用用”。答案解析with1234564.The mother continued to care for the young panda more than two years.(2016四川四川)解析解析“for时间段时间段”表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾会表示持续一段时间。熊猫妈
4、妈对孩子的照顾会持续两年多。持续两年多。答案解析for1234565.For those who fly to Guilin,its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.(2015全国全国)解析解析根据句意可知,此处表示根据句意可知,此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by交通工具名词交通工具名词”表示乘坐交通工具。表示乘坐交通工具。答案解析by1234566.One day,the cow was eating grass when it began to rai
5、n heavily.While making great efforts to run away,she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living the cow.(2015广东广东)解析解析根据文意可知,奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候,不小心摔死了,因此根据文意可知,奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候,不小心摔死了,因此Johnson一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填一家就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下生活。故填without。答案解析without123456.单句改错单句改错(每小题仅有每小题仅有1处错误处错误)1.
6、One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.(2015全国全国)12解析解析解析玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的,故用介词玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的,故用介词in。答案in2.My soccer coach retired in last week.(2015陕西陕西)答案解析解析解析last week上个星期,前面无需加介词。上个星期,前面无需加介词。12.单句语法填空单句语法填空1.It(the first
7、underground passenger railway)ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.(2017全国全国)答案from解析解析解析travel to and from work上下班。上下班。考向2短语搭配中的介词13425672.But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the
8、mid1980s.(2016全国全国)答案to解析解析解析go back to为固定短语,意为为固定短语,意为“回到,追溯到回到,追溯到”。13425673.Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.(2016全国全国)答案on解析解析解析我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更我们中的很多人早晨的注意力要比一天中晚些时候的注意力更集中。集中。be focused on专心于,集中于,为固定短语。专心于,集中于,为固定短语。13425674.When a ne
9、w day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;the same time,they warm up again for the night.(2015全国全国)答案at解析解析解析at the same time意为意为“同时同时”,是一个常用的介词短语。,是一个常用的介词短语。13425675.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby other f
10、ood and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015广东广东)答案for解析解析解析句意为:他去附近的镇里卖牛奶,或用牛奶换其他的食物。这句意为:他去附近的镇里卖牛奶,或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语里用短语exchange.for.,故填介词,故填介词for。13425676.When the bus finally came,we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window,so I had a good view of the sidewalk
11、.(2014新课标全国新课标全国)答案to解析解析解析此处考查一个固定短语此处考查一个固定短语next to,意为,意为“挨着挨着”。13425677.I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014广东广东)答案for解析解析解析联系空后的联系空后的the reservation可以知道,可以知道,“我我”的信用卡已经为这的信用卡已经为这次预订付钱了。次预订付钱了。charge sb.for sth.是固定搭配,这里是其被动形式。
12、是固定搭配,这里是其被动形式。1342567.单句改错单句改错(每小题仅有每小题仅有1处错误处错误)1.It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.(2017全国全国)答案解析解析解析in the middle of.在在的中间,是固定搭配。的中间,是固定搭配。123456789of2.They have also bought for some gardening tools.(2017全国全国)答案解析解析解析表示表示“买某物买某物”直接用直接用buy sth.。buy还可用于还可用于
13、buy sb.sth.或或buy sth.for sb.,表示,表示“为某人买某物为某人买某物”。1234567893.When I look at this picture of myself,I realize of how fast time flies.(2017全国全国)答案解析解析解析realize认识到,意识到,是及物动词,后面直接跟宾语。认识到,意识到,是及物动词,后面直接跟宾语。1234567894.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.(2016全国全国)答案解析
14、解析解析固定短语固定短语dream of doing sth.意为意为“梦想做某事梦想做某事”。of1234567895.While they chatted,my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.(2016浙江浙江)答案解析解析解析on the top of.为固定搭配,意为为固定搭配,意为“在在的上面的上面/顶端顶端”。故将。故将in改成改成on。123456789on6.Dad cleaned the house,and then went on shopping.(2016四川四
15、川)答案解析解析解析go shopping去购物;去购物;go on shopping继续购物。继续购物。1234567897.Please help with me and give me some advice.(2015四川四川)答案解析解析解析动词动词help为及物动词,其后接宾语时无需加介词,故删除为及物动词,其后接宾语时无需加介词,故删除with。1234567898.Unfortunately,on the development of industrialization,the environment has been polluted.(2015全国全国)答案解析解析解析wi
16、th the development of.为固定短语,意为为固定短语,意为“随着随着的发展的发展”。123456789with9.My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.(2015浙江浙江)答案解析解析解析be made from和和be made of都意为都意为“由由制成制成”,但,但be made of是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料;是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料;be made from则不能直接看出则不能直接看出原料。此处表示教室的三面都是玻
17、璃制成的,能够看出原材料,故用原料。此处表示教室的三面都是玻璃制成的,能够看出原材料,故用be made of。123456789of专题精析介词的分类介词的分类分类分类定义定义例子例子简单简单介词介词由一个词构成的介词由一个词构成的介词at,on,in,after,before,with,for,to等等合成合成介词介词由两个词合在一起构成的介词由两个词合在一起构成的介词inside,into,onto,nearby,within,without等等双重双重介词介词由两个简单介词重叠在一起构成由两个简单介词重叠在一起构成的介词的介词from behind,until after,from a
18、mong等等分词分词介词介词有一部分动词的有一部分动词的ing形式具备形式具备介词的特质,在很多情况下,介词的特质,在很多情况下,被视为介词被视为介词including,considering,regarding,concerning等等短语短语介词介词由一个或几个简单介词和一个由一个或几个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类构成,在意义或几个其他词类构成,在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词和作用上相当于一个简单介词at the back of,instead of,because of,in place of,thanks to,as a result of,in the possession of,
19、in front of等等介词的句法功能介词的句法功能1.介词不能单独使用,但介词不能单独使用,但“介词宾语介词宾语”构成的介词短语可在句中作构成的介词短语可在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。2.介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词不定式、介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、疑问词不定式、wh从句等。从句等。介词的核心考点介词的核心考点介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句
20、中充当一个成分。介构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如词分为:简单介词,如at,in,for等;合成介词,如等;合成介词,如within,inside,onto,throughout等;短语介词,如等;短语介词,如according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of等;双重介词,如等;双重介词,如from behind/above/under等;分词介词,如等;分词介词,如considering,including,judging(from/by)等。等。1.介词搭配介词搭配(1)“动词介词动词介
21、词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示表示“夺去,除去夺去,除去”意义的动词意义的动词与与of 连用连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示表示“供给供给”意义的动词与意义的动词与with连用连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示表示“制作,制造制作,制造”意义
22、的动词与意义的动词与of,from,into连用连用)“介词介词the部位部位”与动词的关系与动词的关系(动词动词sb.s部位,可换用部位,可换用)strike him on the head(表示表示“击;拍;碰;摸击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与意义的动词与on连用连用)catch him by the arm(表示表示“抓;拉;拿;扯抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与意义的动词与by连用连用)hit the boy in the face(表示表示“肚;胸;眼;脸肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与等人体前部的器官名词与in连用连用)prevent(stop,keep)sb.from doing
23、 sth.(表示表示“阻止,禁止阻止,禁止”意义的动意义的动词与词与from连用连用)persuade(advise,warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示表示“说服;建议;警告说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与意义的动词与into连用连用)buy(leave,get,win,gain,lose)sth.for sb.(表示表示“得失得失”意义的动意义的动词与词与for连用连用)tell(show,teach,sing,write,read)sth.to sb.(表示表示“告知告知”意义的意义的动词与动词与to连用连用)give(allow,promise,pass,hand)sth
24、.to sb.(表示表示“授予授予”意义的动词意义的动词与与to连用连用)注意:注意:可换成可换成buy sb.sth.,tell sb.sth.,give sb.sth.双宾结构。双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest,explain,apologize,murmur,whisper等与等与“对象对象”连用必须用连用必须用to)不可说不可说suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。reply to the letter回信,回信,sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱和着音乐唱/跳,跳,amount t
25、o 达到,加起来有达到,加起来有,devote.to把把贡献给,贡献给,drink to为为干杯,干杯,object to反对,反对,look forward to 渴望,渴望,come to苏醒,苏醒,belong to属于,属于,search for搜索搜索,ask for请求,请求,use.for把把用作,用作,leave for前前往往,take.for把把误以为,误以为,call for要求,要求,wait for等待,等待,care for喜欢,喜欢,make up for弥补,弥补,turn to求助求助/救于,救于,help oneself to随意,随意,agree to同意
26、,同意,compare.to把把比作,比作,send for派人去请派人去请/拿拿,sail for驶驶向,起航,向,起航,set out for动身去,动身去,go in for爱好爱好(3)常见的常见的“形容词介词形容词介词”搭配。搭配。be worthy of值得的,值得的,be far from离离远,远,be grateful to sb.for sth.为某为某事感激某人,事感激某人,be free from没有没有/免除免除,be proud of为为自豪,自豪,be satisfied with/by对对满意,满意,be sure of/about确信,确信,be fond o
27、f喜欢,喜欢,be fit for适合,适合,be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事,忙着做某事,be full of充满,充满,be ready for准备,准备,be similar to与与相似相似(4)“名词介词名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水缺水the hope of success成功的希望成功的希望have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲为他们感到骄傲the key to the
28、 question问题的答案问题的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow明天的票明天的票his absencein Beijing他去了北京他去了北京from Beijing他不在北京他不在北京the wayto study学习方法学习方法of studying maths学习数学的方法学习数学的方法2.核心介词用法归纳与辨析核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词表示时间的介词in的用法如下。的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词
29、in,如:,如:in the 1990s,in the year,in January,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:in a while,in no time,in the daytime,in a short while,in time,in the morning(afternoon,evening)。注意:注意:in five days(weeks,months,years)中中in意为意为“在在以后以后”。(2)表示具体
30、的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上,常用表示具体的日子或特定的上午、下午或晚上,常用on。on Sunday(s),on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(区别区别at Christmas),on Christmas Eve(在圣诞节前夕在圣诞节前夕),on Childrens Dayon March 8,on the morning(afternoon,evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别区别in the late/early morning of Oct.1)on a rainy night,on war
31、m winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at,如小时、分钟等。,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper,lunch),at sixat noon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)at the age of 15,at the time of war(区别区别in time of danger/trouble)注意:注意:有些时间名词前不接介词,如有些时间名词前不接介词,如next day,last Sunday,that morning,these years。one,each,an
32、y,every,some,all修饰时间名词时,一般不用介词,修饰时间名词时,一般不用介词,如如some day,one day,all afternoon。(4)till,until的用法。的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until)10 a.m.注意:注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用而用until。Not u
33、ntil 9 a.m.did Mr Smith come back to school.(5)in,later,after的用法。的用法。in一段时间:表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但一段时间:表示说话时为起点的一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示表示“在在之内之内”时,用于各种时态。时,用于各种时态。一段时间一段时间later(later是副词是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起:表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。的一段时间后。after一段时间:表示一段时间:表示“在在之后之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为时间,用于一般过去时;但时间为时间
34、点时,只能用点时,只能用after,即,即after时间点,用于各种时态。时间点,用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外,另外,in一段时间一段时间stime与与within一段时间的用法如下:一段时间的用法如下:in a weeks timein a weekThey will arriv
35、e in three days time.(与将来时连用与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时用于各种时态,意为态,意为“不超出,在不超出,在之内之内”)(6)地点介词地点介词at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over,above,under,below。at 在较小的场所;在较小的场所;in在较大的场所;在较大的场所;on在在的平面上。如的平面上。如at the ai
36、rport,at the station,at 55 Park Street,in China,in the north,in Asia,on the desk,on the wall等。等。on,at,in,off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于地属于B地,用地,用in;A地位于地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接,用地的外面且有边缘衔接,用on;无边缘的衔接,用;无边缘的衔接,用to;A在在B附近,用附近,用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of Ch
37、ina.(范围之内范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离相隔一定距离)across在物体表面在物体表面“穿过穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部则表示在三维空间内部“穿过穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over,above译作译作“在在之上之上”;under,below译作译作“在在的下的下面面”,其区别在于,其区别
38、在于over,under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above,below则表示一般的则表示一般的“高于高于”或或“低于低于”,不一定是垂直,不一定是垂直“在上在上”或或“在下在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线地平线).The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。表示方式、手段、工具的介词。by the year/
39、hour/day按年按年/小时小时/天。如:天。如:He rents a house by the year(day,hour).(注意注意to the pound按磅算,按磅算,to the ton按吨计按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄,邮寄,by telephone(radio)(但但on the phone/on the radio/on TV),by electricity用电,用电,by machinery用机器,用机器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through
40、 practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope交通工具类交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle,on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外:另外:by means of 用用方法;方法;by way of 经由,取道于,用经由,取道于,用方法;方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.s help(
41、permission)在某人的帮在某人的帮助助(许可许可)下。下。表方式、手段的其他用法表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具工具/器械器械)One smells with his nose.(with人体器官,区别人体器官,区别by hand手工,用手手工,用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意:注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如:。如:in English(ink,pencil)。(8)表示表示“除除之外之外”的常用词。的常用词。be
42、sides 除除以外以外(还有还有)。作副词时意为。作副词时意为“而且,更何况而且,更何况”。There will be five of us for dinner,besides John.It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.except除去,除除去,除之外之外(不再有不再有)。We all went except John.注意:注意:在否定句中,在否定句中,besides与与except可以换用。可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除
43、了除了(对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明对句子主要意思进行细节校正或附加说明),后接,后接名词、代词或名词、代词或what从句,此时与从句,此时与“except that句子句子”意思相同。意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了除了以外。以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与与exceptbut和和except在表示在表示“除了除了以外以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:(A)前面有不
44、定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有前有do,后省,后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不做某不得不做某事,事,can not help
45、 but do sth.不得不做某事,不得不做某事,but for.若不是若不是(9)between与与amongbetween通常指两者之间,也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的通常指两者之间,也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France,Germany,Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同,合作共同,合作)She was busy between cook
46、ing,washing,sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那表示接连不断地,一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(在在内部达成一致内部达成一致)London
47、 is among the largest cities.(one of,可与最高级连用,可与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词表原因的介词(短语短语)for,because of,due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式的复合结构中
48、的不定式的复合结构中的for,of。这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是这里所说的不定式的复合结构形式指的是for 或或of加上人或事,作动词不加上人或事,作动词不定式的逻辑主语的结构。定式的逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意:注意:It isadj.of/for sb.to do sth.中,如果表语形容词是说明不定式中,如果表语形容词是说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of;如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、;
49、如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用状态等时则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。兼作连词和副词的介词。after,since,till/until,before这些词既是介词,又可作连词。这些词既是介词,又可作连词。They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词连词)The children went home at once after school.(介词介词)in,on,along,down,up,after,before,beyond等介词可兼作副词。等介词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词
50、介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me?(副词副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词连词)Havent I seen you before?(副词副词)(13)介词的省略。介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me(from)doin