1、Research for DesignersCONTENTS目录RESEARCHESSENTIALS 3Formulating a research statement 制定一个研究声明Framing a research question or a hypothesis 假设一个研究问题或者框架Review of the literature 文献复习Glossary of key terms 关键术语表Understanding research Methods and Methodologies理解研究方法Chossing a research approach 选择研究方法Resear
2、ch triangulation 研究三角测量Ethical research 伦理研究Writing a research proposal 撰写研究计划Conclusion 结语Summary 总结Defining a research problem 定义一个研究问题Keywords:Research problem 研究问题 Qualitative research 定性研究Research statement 研究报告 Quantitative research 定量研究Research question 研究问题 Visual research 视觉研究Hypothesis 假设
3、Applied research 应用研究Literature review 文献评论 Triangulation 三角Glossary of key terms 关键术语表 Multimethod research 多方法研究Research Methods 研究方法 Ethics 伦理Research methodology 研究方法论 Research proposal 研究计划Learning about research and doing research is important in both an educational context and in practice . 学
4、习怎么做研究和做研究，在教育背景和实践中非常的重要。Learning technical skills such as drawing , modelling , or design software is also important , but developing critical thinking skills can be far more valuable in the long term .学习技术技能，如绘画、造型、设计软件也很重要，但是发展批判性思维技能，可以在长期更有价钱。Paul d . leedy and Jeanne E : the purpose of resear
5、ch is to learn what has never been known before ; to ask a significant question for which no conclusive answer has previously been found ; and , by collecting and interpreting relevant data , to find an answer to that question ( 2010 : xvi )研究价值的解释：在之前不了解的领域里，没有确凿答案之前，发现一个问题，并通过收集和解释有关数据来寻找问题的答案。I b
6、elieve that , as a designer , the ability to answer such questions is far more important than the ability to make beautiful , yet meaningless things.作为一个设计师：回答这些问题的能力比创造美丽但是没有意义的东西的能力更为重要。3.1 DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM 定义一个研究问题At the heart of every design project lays a problem . 每一个设计项目的核心都是一个问题。T
7、he ability to understand this problem is paramount to the success of the design outcome . if you do not understand exactly what this problem is , then you will not be able to design a solution that can address this problem . Therefore , a clear definition of the design problem is the first requireme
8、nt in the design process . the design problem is also a research problem , and what follows next is as much a research process as it is a design process。了解这个问题是决定设计是否成功最重要的内容！如果你不明白这个问题是什么，你就无法设计解决方案来解决问题。因此，明确设计问题的定义是设计过程中的首要的要求。设计问题也是研究问题，所以接下来的研究过程也是一个设计的过程。As you begin the process of identifying
9、 a research problem , you will need to keep two things n mind your problem should address a question that can make a difference in some way ; and the research should lead towards new knowledge in your field by finding new ways of thinking , suggesting new applications , or paving the way for further
10、 research in the field ( leed and ormrod , 2010 : 45 ) . 在确定研究问题的过程中，需要记住两件事：1 . 你解决的问题是存在某种程度的差异。2 .研究应该导致问题所在领域的新知识的发现、新的思维方式、新的应用，并且为下一步 的研究铺平道路。when considering a problem for research purposes , there are several situations that you should avoid .在考虑研究问题时，应该避免几种情况： For example：1.Research project
11、s should not be used for achieving self-enlightenment 研究项目不是用于自我启蒙。2 . A problem whose purpose is comparing two sets of existing data or calculating their correlation to show a relationship between them is not a suitable research problem. 比较两套现有数据或者计算出他们之间的关系，这不算是一个研究问题。3.A problem that leads to a y
12、es or no question is not a suitable problem for research. 导致“是”或“否”的问题不是一个合适的研究问题。 In order for you to be able to identify appropriate research problems , you must already be sufficiently knowledgeable about your topic of interest . 为了找出适当的研究问题，你必须足够了解你感兴趣的话题。 if you are selecting a researc problem
13、for a postgraduate thesis , chose a topic that intrigues you and motivates you . the topic of your research should be based on something that you are genuinely interested to work on . postgraduate research problems take a long time to complete , so work on something that you are passionate about and
14、 that you believe is worthy of your time and effort . however , you also need to consider whether others will find this topic interesting and worthy of attention Your research should have a broader appeal or application and should not be based solely on your own personal interests （see leedy and orm
15、rod , 2010 : 47-8 )3.2 Formulating a research statement 制定一个研究声明Once you have identified what the research problem is , you will also need to articulate this problem in a way that is carefully phrased and represents the single goal of the total research effort （leedy and ormrod , 2010 : 48 ) . 一旦你确定
16、了研究问题，就需要进一步阐述研究这个问题的方式。这是精心设计出来的，代表了总的研究目标。this statement should be clear and understandable to everyone , regardless of whether they are experts in the field or not . if you cannot explain in simple terms what the problem is that you are trying to address , the chances are that you still do not ha
17、ve a good understanding of what the problem is . therefore , make sure that everyone can understand exactly what you mean . if necessary , provide additional clarification of your research problem （2010 : 49 )这个声明应该是清晰、容易理解的。不管读者是不是这个领域的专家，都应该可以理解。如果你不能简单的解释你研究所解决的问题，那么很有可能你没有很好的理解问题是什么。因此，要确保每个人都能准
18、确的理解你的意思。如果有必要，需要提供额外的说明来讲清楚你的研究问题。Johns . stevens s dissertation ”design as a strategic resource Design s contributions to competitive advantage aligned with strategy models” ( 2009 ) 史蒂文斯博士论文基于战略模型的战略资源设计对竞争优势的贡献 英国剑桥大学哲学博士论文It can be seen from the thesis title , his research problem is focused on
19、 investigation of designs con tribution to competitive business advantage.从题目上可以看他研究问题的重点是商业竞争又是的贡献调查设计。This s enough to give the reader an indication of what the problem is in an instant , but never theless , this is a rather broad statement when presented on its own . therefore . when formulating
20、a research statement you also need to think about the feasibility of the research project . at times some ideas cannot be followed through simply because they are too ambitious or impractical . that is why when you are formulating your research problem you will need to develop an understanding of wh
21、at the limitations of the problem are . 这个足以让读者了解自己的陈诉，但是这个陈述相当宽泛。因此，在制定研究报告的时候还需要考虑研究项目的可行性。有些想法野心勃勃或者不切实际的时候，你要了解问题的局限性。This statement makes it clear what he intends to do with this study . nevertheless , some research problems might be too large or too complex to be solved as stated . in such cas
22、es , it is quite accept able for a problem to be broken down into several smaller sub-problems .这段话清楚的表明他打算做这项研究。然而一些研究的问题可能太大或者太复杂，无法解决。这种情况下，将这个问题分解成几个较小的子问题。需要注意：Even though each sub-problem is a part of a larger problem , you should be able to address them independently from each other . 每个子问题在自
23、己的框架内是可以解决的。 即使这个子问题是大问题框架里的一部分。All sub-problems together must add to the totality of the main problem , without producing unnec essary information you can include anywhere from two to six sub-problems. 所有子问题必须一起是主要问题的全部，而不产生不必要的其他问题。You can include anywhere from two to six sub-problems. 可以从2到6个问题中进
24、行概括。 Stevens further elaborates on his research statement To achieve this , the study will first refer to empirical and industry literature of both design management and business strategy to synthesize a consolidated view of the conceptual overlap between them both ; that is , a set of design capabi
25、lities that reflect i what contributions design is capable of , and i what is strategically beneficial to a firm.史蒂文斯进一步阐述研究报告来达到目的。本研究：首先：是工业设计管理与企业战略之间合成的一个综合性的概念重叠观的文学，反映了贡献的设计具有什么能力，什么是战略有力的公司。Second , the research will attempt to validate this set in industry by answering : are these phenomena
26、observed in practice ? are they recognised as strategically important by providers and users of design expertise ?其次：研究将试图证明行业中的回答：这些现象在实践中观察到的到么？他们是工人的张略重要性的供应商和用户的设计专业知识吗？Thirdly , the research aims to demonstrate how this consolidated conceptual view can provide a rich description of design pract
27、ice in a firm.第三：研究的目的是演示如何用统一的概念视图，在企业的设计实践中来描述。3.3 Framing a research question or a hypothesis 假设一个研究问题或者框架Once you have identified a research problem and you have provided a clear statement of that problem , you should proceed by forming a research question or a hypothesis 一旦你确定了一个研究问题，你已经提供了一明确的
28、声明。所以，根据这个问题你应该继续形成一个研究问题或者假设。The hypothesis provides a tentative answer to the research problem.这个假设为研究问题提供了一个初步的答案。the research process that will follow from there is meant to establish whether your hypothesis is correct or not . in research , hypotheses are rarely proven or disproven . instead ,
29、they are either supported or not supported by the research data if the initial hypothesis is rejected by the data , a new hypothesis can be introduced. when a hypothesis is supported by the data , the hypothesis can evolve into a theory .接下来的研究过程是为了确定你的假设是否正确。在研究中，假设是很少的证明或者是伪证，他们要么支持数据，要么不支持数据。如果最初
30、的假设不支持数据，那么可以导入一个新的假设。如果假设支持数据，那么这个假说可以演变成一个理论。Nevertheless , theories can still be challenged if they are contradicted by new data然而，理论仍然可以挑战，如果他们与新的数据相矛盾。3.4 Review of the literature 文献复习Typically , research proposals and research reports have a section titled review of the literature （or literatu
31、re review ) .通常，研究提案建议和研究报告第一节就是文献回顾（文献综述）。、By reviewing the relevant literature in your field you will become well-informed about the state of the knowledge in your area of interest . depending on the scope of your review , you can even become an expert in the field通过回顾你研究领域的文章之后，你将了解你所在领域的知识状况。根据你
32、的审查范围，你甚至可以成为一个专家。The scope of your research will determine how much you will need to read on a particular topic . there is obviously a significant difference in the amount of reading required when working on a Phd thesis , compared to that for a minor research project。你的研究范围觉得你需要在一个特定主题上读多少文献。博士论文和
33、小型研究项目相比，阅读量有显著的差别。however , review of the literatur is more than simply gathering facts about your topic of interest . first of all , a researcher needs to demonstrate that he or she has studied the work in the field with insight .然而，在文献综述中不仅仅是搜集关于你感兴趣的事实。首先，研究者需要证明他对研究领域工作的洞察力。the researcher must
34、select , organize , and classify the findings into a coherent pattern研究者必须是：选择、组织、分类、结果，成为一个连贯的模式。3.4.1 TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW 文学评论的类型Depending on the type of research that you are interested in pursuing there are several approaches to literature review that you can consider : chronological , hi
35、storical , thematic , Methodological , theoretical and meta-analysis根据你感兴趣的研究类型，你可以考虑以下几种方法：时间顺序，历史，主题，方法，理论和元素分析。按照时间顺序组织文献综述：按照时间顺序是为了回顾发展的顺序。 这意味着研究者要审查文献的出版日期。 目的是为了显示一个特定问题的文学发展进程。历史文献：历史回顾分析随着时间的推移，一个特定问题的理论和思想。 虽然类似于按照时间顺序的评论，但是他们更为强调。 重点是历史趋势的发展，而不是公布日期 的数据。专题文献综述：文献中呈现的各种主题，或者常见的主题。 目的是为了帮助
36、研究者检查各种观点有关的现象。方法论的文献综述：方法论审查各种方法。 某个特定的问题可以研究过程、程序和方法，对感兴趣的课题进行研究。 目的是评估他的有效性和寻求改进方法。理论文献综述：理论评论是基于特定理论或推理的评论。 因此，这些类型的评论提供了一种分析各种理论对具体问题的分析或框架分析。 文学理论评论最好使用一个广泛的理论框架，或者研究者想批评特定的理论结构时使用。元素分析：用于根据相同的研究问题从其他研究中得出同济总结的结果。 元素分析提供了一种有用的技术，可以在一段时间内收集一系列较小的研究成果。 然而，很少用于设计研究。3.4.2 VALIDITY AND RELIABILTY O
37、F THE LITERTURE REVIEWLiterature reviews can vary in the level of rigour that has been used in setting the parameters for inclusion of the material. The stricter the parameters, the more valid are the reviews and especially the conclusions and the recommendations that come as a result. Ultimately, a
38、 good literature review search should be replicable by others. Therefore, researchers should clearly outline the processes that they used to identify and collect the data.This, in return, will increase the reliability of the review .文献综述可以在设定参与材料的参数时使用的严格程度有所不同。参数越严格，审查越有效，特别是结论和结果的建议。最终，一个好的文献检索搜索应
39、该可以被其他人复制。因此，研究人员应该清楚地概述他们用来识别和收集数据的过程。作为回报，将提高审查的可靠性.3.4.3 SATURATION 饱和度A common problem for novice researchers is knowing when to stop reviewing the literature. In theory, the answer would be never as Leedy and Ormrod (2010: 77) point out but from a practical perspective, the review has to be com
40、pleted eventually. A good time to stop reviewing is when you come across repetitive patterns of information. For example, when you continually come across familiar arguments, methodologies, and findings, this means that you have reached a level ofsaturation and you can stop with your review of the l
41、iterature(2010:77) 新手研究者的常见问题是不知道在什么时候停止审查文献。从实际角度来看，停止审查的好时机是当你遇到重复的信息模式时，审查最终完成。 例如：当你不断的遇到熟悉的论证、方法和调查结果的时候，意味着达到了饱和度，可以停止评价。Finally, at the end of your review make sure that you reference everything correctly and cite every source that you have used in a reference list or a bibliography.最后，在审查结束时
42、请确保正确的引用了所有内容，并引用了您在参考列表或参考书目中使用的每个来源。Once you have done this, the next step is to describe how you will conduct the research. 一旦你完成了这个，下一步将描述你如何做研究。3.5 Glossary of key terms 关键术语表In addition to the literature review, l also need to stress the importance of providing a glossary of the key terms that
43、 you will be using in your research. 0ften, terms can have multiple meanings and it may not be quite clear what exactly you mean by some terms. For example, even the use of the word design can be quite problematic, simply because design means dif ferent things to different people. In any case, peopl
44、e may not necessarily need to agree with your definition of the terms, but as long as everyone is clear as to what exactly you mean by the terms that you use, your research can be understood better and assessed appropriately (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010: 58) 通常情况下，术语可以有多种含义，可能不清楚某些术语是什么意思。例如：即使使用单词设计也可能有
45、问题，因为“设计”是指不同的人的不同事情。在任何情况下，人们可能不一定需要同意你对术语的定义，但是要清楚的知道你使用的术语是什么意思。这样才能对你对研究更好地了解并进行适当的评估。The glossary of terms is something that you will need to include in your research proposal, and subsequently in your research report. When providing a definition of the terms that you will be using, you can use
46、 the following statement: For the purpose of this research, the term will be defined as provide definition here. Here you definitions provided by dictionaries, encyclopaedias, or by other researchers in the field. In any case, you will always need to cite your sources. You can include the glossary o
47、f terms either at the beginning of your research proposal and report, or as an appendix.在你使用术语的定义时，可以使用以下语句：为了本研究的目的，术语将被定义为（）你可以通过词典，百科全书或其他研究人员提供定义。无论如何，你总是需要引用来源！术语表可以放在研究提案或报告的开头，也可以作为附录。3.6 Understanding research Methods and Methodologies 理解研究方法For novice design researchers , and students espec
48、ially one of the most daunting questions is : what are your methods and methodology when it comes to preparing a research pro posal , this is the part that often presents people with most difficulties . this is also the part that reviewers most rigorously review . in order for you to establish your
49、credibility as a researcher , you will need to be able to describe with confidence what kind of research you propose to do , and how you plan to do it.为新手设计的研究人员和学生，特别是其中最棘手的问题是：什么是你的方法和方法论?，研究方案的制作是最困难的。这一部分也是也是审稿人最严格审查的部分。为了确立你作为研究者的可信度，你需要能够自信地描述你打算做什么样的研究，以及你打算如何去做。According to the oxford dictio
50、nary , method is a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching Something in the case of research this stands for conducting a systematic investigation of some kind methodology , according to the same dictionary , is a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.牛津字典的解释
