1、(旅游概论英文课件）L8 Sustainable tourism(一)LECTUER 8 SUSTAINABLE TOURISMTOUIRSM:PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICEOutline Learning Objectives Historical background Definition of sustainability in general Definition of sustainable tourism Sustainability in tourism Sustainability as a strategy Climate change and tourism
2、 Summary Discussion Further Readings Q&A2023-1-303CopyrightLKSTHLearning Objectives To understand a group of cores concepts To learn the complexity of sustainability in tourism To appreciate the relationship between tourism and climate change2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH4Historical Background 1 Core conce
3、pts2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH5Most common,least understood,highly debatable concepts SustainabilitySustainable developmentSustainable tourismHistorical Background 2 Movement towards sustainable development2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH62023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH7The Middle Ages:Roots in agriculture-sustainable y
4、ieldLate 19th cent.:First formal signs of concern about the planet Earth-protection societies,national parks1960s：Mass concern for the planet-realizing fragility due to first image of Earth from space2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH82023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH91970s:-The Club of Rome-Limits to Growth Report;-Fir
5、st UN conference on the human environment1980:The World Conservation Strategybalancing development and conservation1987:The Brundtland Report perception and efforts2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH101992:The Earth Summit-Agenda 21(action strategy)1997:The Kyoto Protocolreduce greenhouse gases emissions2000:Th
6、e Millennium Development Goalsto ensure environmental sustainability 2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH112002:The Johannesburg Summitresolutions,interrupted by economic crisis since 20082009:The Conference of Parties-Copenhagen Accord2012:Doha conference Doha Platform(loss and damage;richer nations roles deter
7、mined)More information about sustainable development:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmentHistorical Background 3 Tourisms connection with sustainability Inherently connected Because it requires natural/man-made resources which are major tourist attractions but they are fragile at the
8、same time2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH12Definition of Sustainability 1 Definitions The Bruntland Report(1987)“Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”Basic principle(p.226)*2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH13Definition of Sustainabil
9、ity 2 Definitions(cont)Other definitions Commer(1979):Not no-growth,but within self-perpetuating limits The WCS(1980):Focusing on maintaining essential ecological processes Chourcri(1997):Managing social demands without eroding life support properties2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH14Definition of Sustainabi
10、lity 4 Sustainability and capital stock 2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH15Figure 10.1 Sustainability and capital stocks2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH17Strong:the individual capital stock sustains!Weak:the total capital stock sustains!A realistic attitude:the weakDefinition of Sustainability 3 Critiques Vagueness 模糊
11、 and hypocrisy 虚伪 of international organizations hurt the principles and implementation sustainable development Responsibility Whose?Governments vs.Private sectors(short-term needs/vision)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH18Sustainability of Tourism 1 A depressing picture:a starting point2023-1-30CopyrightLKST
12、H19Economics aspects-competing for factors of production*STEnvironmental aspects-Airlines-real estateenviron.Issues-tourism activitiesSocial-cultural aspects-curiosity-demonstrationWhere there is tourism,there is Sustainability of Tourism 2 Approaches as our solutions To set limits on growth To chan
13、ge stakeholder behaviors To replace current products(some examples below)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH202023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH212023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH22Photograph 10.1 Ecocamp in Chile.Source:Blaine Harrington III/Alamy Images2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH242023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH252023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH26Sus
14、tainability of Tourism 4 Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont)Thresholds level of tourism impacts beyond which negative impacts(losses)net effects(gains)Carrying capacity Maximum number of people who can use a site without an unacceptable alteration in environment and an unacceptable declin
15、e of visitors experience quality(Mathieson&Wall,1982)Key ideas:acceptable for whom;tourist presence(p.231)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH27Sustainability of Tourism 5 Tourism thresholds and carrying capacity(cont)Key features Multiple thresholds Short-slab rule Dynamic Hard to determine2023-1-30CopyrightLKS
16、TH28Sustainability of Tourism 6 Measurement criteria Tables 10.1(p.239)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH29Sustainability of Tourism 7 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(X of ST)The idea(Fig.10.2)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH30Figure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capac
17、ityyardsticksSustainability of Tourism 8 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Local factors Social structure:scale,complexity Cultural heritage:unusual Environment:fragile,unique Economic structure:developed,industrialized Political structure:instability,openness Reso
18、urces:amount2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH32Sustainability of Tourism 9 The process of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Alien factors Tourist characteristics Relative difference Tolerance level(Fig 10.3,p.237)Type of tourist activity E.g.gambling,special interest groups Planning,manage
19、ment and technology Maximizing benefits More successful lower negative impacts higher carrying capacity End results:Growth+Sustainability=Development2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH33Figure 10.3 The relationship between tourists,destinations and tolerance levelsFragileRobustSustainability of Tourism 10 The p
20、rocess of scoping the various aspects of carrying capacity(cont)Impacts Parameters Factual,reflecting changes in local/alien factors Standards Subjective,tourists/hosts acceptable limits applied to the parameters Carrying capacity determination Dynamic(dependent variable),resulting from complex fact
21、ors and processes Feedback2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH35Figure 10.2 The determinants and influences of carrying capacityyardsticksSustainability of Tourism 11 Sustainable tourism products Application of/solution to ST Examples Eco-tourism Alternative tourism2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH372023-1-30CopyrightLKST
22、H38Eco-tourismSmall-scaleIndigenous low-key activitiesNatural tourism attractionEnvironmental sustainabilityIndigenous culture sustainabilityEducation/learning opportunitiesAlternative tourismSmall-scaleIndigenous low-key activitiesSustainability of Tourism 11 Mini case study 10.1 Sustainable touris
23、m in the Srepok Wilderness Area,Cambodia2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH39Photograph 10.2 Endangered animals can benefit from ecotourism.Source:Eye Ubiquitous/Alamy ImagesDiscussion:Is the ecotourism strategy likely to be viable?Any long-term dangers?Opportunity costs?Definition of Sustainable Tourism 1 WTO
24、Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future.It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic,social,and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural
25、integrity,essential ecological processes,and biological diversity,and life support systems.Based on the Brundtland Report With many variations Stakeholders focused2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH41Sustainability as a Strategy 1 Regardless of the difficulties,a way forward Recognition of vulnerability of tour
26、ism resources Responsibility for all stakeholders(governments,industry,tourists,and hosts)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH42Climate Change and Tourism 1 Background A few observations of climate changes2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH432023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH44 Scientific proof for global warming2023-1-30CopyrightLKST
27、H452023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH462023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH472023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH48Correlation between CO2 and warming;But correlation is not causation.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH49Climate Change and Tourism 2 Background(cont)IPCC report Warming of the climate system is certain 0.76 C (19th-21st Cent.)Mostly
28、 attributable to greenhouse gaps caused by human activities Tourisms contribution In 2005,5%of CO(40%from aviation;35%other transport modes;25%the rest)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH50Climate Change and Tourism 3 Climate change impacts on tourism Direct Indirect2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH51 Direct climatic imp
29、actsChanges of climate-related push and pull factorsCosts for heating,cooling and snowmakingRedistribution of climatic assets among tourism regionsChanges of the length and quality of climate-dependent tourism seasons2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH52ClimateChangesImpacts Indirect impacts from environmental
30、change2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH53ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsThrough environmental changes:Water availabilityWater excessesBiodiversity:20-30%,1.5-2.5 CVector-borne diseaseTourism:attraction,safety,etc.Indirect impacts from societal changeClimate change lower economic growthClimate change political in
31、stabilityLower economic growth lower tourism spendingPolitical instability tourism:visitation,provision of services/facilities,public image,etc.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH54ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsStern Report(2006):20%reduction of consumption per capita later this centaury or next Impacts of mitiga
32、tion polices in other sectorsAbsolute emission reductionCarbon tradingPerception of air travelChanging tourist behaviorRising travel costsPsychological denial of air travel2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH55ClimateChangesImpactsImpactsClimate Change and Tourism 4 Impacts on vulnerable destination types Mounta
33、ins and winter sports destinations Key attractions Snow cover,pristine mountain landscape Climate change impacts Warmer climate less snow coverage The tourism impacts Attractiveness,frequency/magnitude of natural hazards Snow-based sports tourism industry most affected Fewer snows less resorts;highe
34、r operation costs2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH56Snow depth and coverage contrast:Yulong Mountain,Yunan2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH57Snow depth and coverage contrast:Himalaya Range2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH58A 2007 studyFor the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows that:climate change will pr
35、oduce significant impacts on the ski areas in the European Alps.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH59Rise of temperaturesNumber of naturally snow reliable ski areas404(61%)609(91%)202(30%)2C4CClimate Change and Tourism 5 Impacts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Islands and coastal zones Key attractions Bea
36、ches,coral reefs,marine life,etc.Climate change impacts Extreme events,sea-level rise,increased climate variability,changes in ocean circulation,change in natural ecosystems The tourism impacts Most vulnerable Extreme events destroying ecosystems fewer attractions Sea-level rise destroying ecosystem
37、s,costal erosion,loss of beaches,floods,water contamination,etc.fewer attractions2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH60Maldives in crises!2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH613S Paradise in the India OceanMaldives in crises!(cont)2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH62150CMNow210020-60 CMWill this happen?Climate Change and Tourism 6 Impa
38、cts on vulnerable destination types(cont.)Natural and cultural heritage Features Landscape as major attraction Climate changes Sea-level rise Lower biodiversity:less flora and fauna The tourism impacts Lower amenity value smaller tourist number A big threat to cultural structures near coasts:e.g.Ven
39、ice,Italy2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH63Venice under the water?2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH642023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH65Climate Change and Tourism 7 Implication for tourism demand patterns2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH66Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to climate change Definition An adjustment in natural or human
40、 systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities Resilience of tourism as a whole Quick recovery from SARS,Japan tsunami,terrorist attacks,etc.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH67Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to clima
41、te change(cont)Warns against optimism Gap between perceptions and realities Sub-sector variations Challenges for new tourism infrastructures The insurability issue2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH682023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH69Hurricane Katrina:August 23,20052023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH702023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH712023-
42、1-30CopyrightLKSTH722023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH73Climate Change and Tourism 8 Adaption to climate change(cont)Useful strategies Technical:e.g.snowmaking Management of natural resources:e.g.protected areas Product/market diversification Insurance if possible2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH74Summary We have learnt
43、 three key concepts:sustainability,sustainable development,and sustainable tourism.Sustainability in tourism includes various sub-topics:approaches,thresholds/carrying capacity,and sustainable tourism products.Tourism is not a major contributor to climate changes,but it is evidently affected by clim
44、ate changes.Adaptation is a must for tourism industry.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH75Discussion If sustainable development did not affect humans,do we still need it?如果可持续发展不影响人类，我们是否还需要它？To what extent is tourism in China sustainable?Threats?Solutions?中国旅游业在多大程度上是可持续的？有何威胁？对策呢？What can tourists do to promote sustainable tourism?为了推动可持续旅游，游客能够做什么？2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH76Further Readings Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(4),2006.Special issue:Tourism and its interactions with climate change.2023-1-30CopyrightLKSTH77Q&A2023-1-3078CopyrightLKSTH
