1、第四讲第四讲 翻译的方法：直译与意译翻译的方法：直译与意译v大体说来，翻译的基本方法有两种，即所谓的大体说来，翻译的基本方法有两种，即所谓的直译直译 (literal translation 或或metaphase)和意和意译译(free translation或或paraphrase)。v人们对直译和意译的认识不尽相同。因而，一人们对直译和意译的认识不尽相同。因而，一些人甚至将那种生搬硬套、对号入座的硬译、些人甚至将那种生搬硬套、对号入座的硬译、死译误认为直译，也有一些人则把某些妄加删死译误认为直译，也有一些人则把某些妄加删改、添油加醋的胡译、乱译混同于意译。这两改、添油加醋的胡译、乱译混同
2、于意译。这两种倾向无疑都从根本上曲解了直译与意译的真种倾向无疑都从根本上曲解了直译与意译的真正含义。正含义。(1)lie on ones back，the Milky Way，black tea cut somebody dead,bulls eye,talk horse put on ones thinking cap,catch a cold(2)It was an old and ragged moon.原译：那是一个又老又破的月亮。原译：那是一个又老又破的月亮。(3)It is possible that they never imagined that any considerabl
3、e amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favors.原译：这是可能的：他们从未想象过有任何相原译：这是可能的：他们从未想象过有任何相当数量的公众意见会聚集到对他们有利的方面当数量的公众意见会聚集到对他们有利的方面来。来。(4)Health is above wealth，for this cannot give so much happiness as that.原译：健康高于财富，因为这个不能像那个给原译：健康高于财富，因为这个不能像那个给人们很多幸福。人们很多幸福。(5)He wanted to learn，to know
4、，to teach.原译：他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且原译：他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且好为人师。好为人师。(6)But there can be no serious doubt that Rhodesian copper is going somewhere and in very substantial quantities.原译：然而毫无疑问，罗得西亚的铜在向某些国家大原译：然而毫无疑问，罗得西亚的铜在向某些国家大量出口。量出口。(7)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were s
5、tricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.原译：我每每这样想过，假如一个人在刚近而立之年原译：我每每这样想过，假如一个人在刚近而立之年时经历一段瞎子与聋子的生活，可能是天赐之福。时经历一段瞎子与聋子的生活，可能是天赐之福。(8)His popularity was as unsettled as the waves.It swelled，and bubbled，and foamed for a while，only to recede，and be lost to its for
6、mer possessor.原译：他的声望犹如万顷波涛起伏不定。它在原译：他的声望犹如万顷波涛起伏不定。它在短暂的时间内，如日中天，盛极一时，炙手可短暂的时间内，如日中天，盛极一时，炙手可热，但转瞬之间又烟消云散，终于在原来拥有热，但转瞬之间又烟消云散，终于在原来拥有此声望的人身上丧失殆尽。此声望的人身上丧失殆尽。Contents直译法直译法4.1.意译法意译法4.2.直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系4.3.4.1直译法直译法v一般认为，直译就是不仅忠实于原文内容而且一般认为，直译就是不仅忠实于原文内容而且忠实原文形式的翻译方法。也有人把直译解释忠实原文形式的翻译方法。也有人把直译解释为一种重
7、为一种重“形似形似”的方法，要求在保持原文内的方法，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋于一致。趋于一致。4.1直译法直译法v(9)money politics cold war hot line ostrich policy chain stores baptism of warblack market pillar industry go into the red a wait-and-see attitude fish in troubled wa
8、ter dark horse the iron rice to lose ones face v (10)Blood is thicker than water.v(11)Failure is the mother of success.v(12)Strike the iron while it is hot.v(13)All the world is a stage.4.1直译法直译法(14)He walked at the head of the funeral procession，and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with
9、 a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。鱼的眼泪。(15)When the host gave some pictures to them，they didnt realize that they were receiving a modern Trojan horse：Microphones and radio transmitters were hidden in the pictures.东道主向他们赠画时，他们并没有意识到他们是在接收东道主向他们赠画时，他们并没有意识到他们是在接收
10、一具现代特洛伊木马一具现代特洛伊木马:那些画框里暗藏着麦克风和无线那些画框里暗藏着麦克风和无线电发报机。电发报机。4.1直译法直译法(16)In the court action，Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌-请出一请出一位意想不到的证人。位意想不到的证人。(17)The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton G
11、overnment by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.参议院外交关系委员会今天向克林顿政府致送了参议院外交关系委员会今天向克林顿政府致送了橄榄枝，要求发展在外交政策上的合作。橄榄枝，要求发展在外交政策上的合作。4.1直译法直译法(18)Partly as a result of the recently increasing demand，wholesale tea prices have almost doubled.部分地由于最近日益增涨的需求，批发茶价部分地由于最近日益增涨的需求，批发茶价已几乎翻了一番。已几
12、乎翻了一番。(19)The field of mechanical engineering may be divided into two major areas thermo sciences and design.机械工程的范围可分为两个主要方面：热学和机械工程的范围可分为两个主要方面：热学和设计。设计。4.1直译法直译法(20)The present system is designed to assist those developing countries in competing with imports from other sources without disruptive
13、effects on our own industries.这个现行办法旨在扶持那些发展中国家与从这个现行办法旨在扶持那些发展中国家与从其他国家进口的产品展开竞争，而不损害我们其他国家进口的产品展开竞争，而不损害我们自己产业的利益。自己产业的利益。4.2意译法意译法v所谓意译，一般指忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于所谓意译，一般指忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。v英国人表达英国人表达“进退两难进退两难”常用常用“between the devil and the deep blue sea”，而中国人则常，而中国人则常用用“进退维谷进退维谷”
14、；英国人想表达；英国人想表达“多此一举多此一举”之义时常用之义时常用“carry coals to Newcastle，而，而中国人则经常说中国人则经常说“画蛇添足画蛇添足”；英语中说；英语中说the seventh heaven，而汉语中则用，而汉语中则用“九九(重重)天天”指最高天际。指最高天际。4.2意译法意译法v(21)cash crops经济作物v technical know-how技术知识v silly ass蠢猪v small profits but quick returns薄利多销v as timid as a hare胆小如鼠v a land of honey and m
15、ilk鱼米之乡v to look for a needle in a haystack海底捞针v castles in the air空中楼阁v to talk shop all the time三句话不离本行v to sit on thorns如坐针毡4.2意译法意译法v(22)Its unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.历史学家们总是把王国的覆亡归咎于红颜祸水，这是不公平的。(23)Hoover was proud of his wife.She spoke five l
16、anguages fluently and set what was conceded to be the finest table in White House history.胡佛觉得他夫人很了不起。她能流利地讲五种胡佛觉得他夫人很了不起。她能流利地讲五种语言，她的食谱据说是白宫历史上最讲究的。语言，她的食谱据说是白宫历史上最讲究的。4.2意译法意译法v(24)One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。v (25)Of poetry I dont read much and
17、when I do it I choose the dead lion in preference to the living dog.诗歌我读得不多，即使是读，我也读过去的佳作，而不是当代的次品。4.2意译法意译法(26)Jefferson believed that the Baghdad Pact had already been reduced to less than a shadow.(27)All the while，George Bush，who was ultimately to benefit from the try that failed，sat silently by
18、，a nearly forgotten spectator.(28)Newtons book is，therefore not readily intelligible，even to scientists,unless Euclid has been read before.4.2意译法意译法(29)We in Zambia would like to build a color-blind society where all can have equal opportunities.(30)It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data wit
19、hout making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them.4.3直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系v这两种方法虽然有时在形式上似乎形成对立，这两种方法虽然有时在形式上似乎形成对立，但是在更多的情况下却互为补充、相辅相成。但是在更多的情况下却互为补充、相辅相成。在正常的翻译活动中，译者往往无法不分具体在正常的翻译活动中，译者往往无法不分具体情况自始至终一味坚持直译，或者仅仅采用意情况自始至终一味坚持直译，或者仅仅采用意译一种方法。有时，即使是翻译一句话，也可译一种方法。有时，即使是翻译一句话，也可能会同时使用两种方法。能会同时使用两种
20、方法。4.3直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系v(31)New alloys have been made to satisfy new demands,and in the meantime new uses have been found for old metals.新的合金被冶炼出来，以满足新的需要，而与此同时老的金属有了新用途。v (32)她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，她以把它吞了下去。She was afraid of being snubbed.So she swallowed the words that came to her lips.4.3直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系(3
21、3)It means killing two birds with one stone.直译：这意味着一石二鸟。意译：这意味着一举两得。(34)Last term,I met my Waterloo in my English examination.直译：上学期，我在英语考试中遭遇了滑铁卢。意译：上学期，我的英语考试成绩一塌糊涂。4.3直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系(35)Business is a two-way street and to keep it open in both directions there must be a sense that both partners a
22、re doing their utmost to ensure a steady growth in each others markets.直译：生意好比双行道，伙伴双方都必须认识到，直译：生意好比双行道，伙伴双方都必须认识到，只有竭尽全力确保对方向自己市场的出口稳步增只有竭尽全力确保对方向自己市场的出口稳步增长，道路的两个方向才得以畅通。长，道路的两个方向才得以畅通。意译：做生意得有来有往，来和往这两股道得保意译：做生意得有来有往，来和往这两股道得保持畅通，应当有这样一个观念，即伙伴双方同时持畅通，应当有这样一个观念，即伙伴双方同时都尽最大努力，来确保对方向自己市场的出口稳都尽最大努力，来
23、确保对方向自己市场的出口稳步增长。步增长。4.3直译同意译的关系直译同意译的关系(36)Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War，but in a few years he was completely defeated.希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时武装到了牙齿，但是希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时武装到了牙齿，但是不过几年就被彻底击败了。不过几年就被彻底击败了。(37)False friends are worse than bitter enemies.明枪易躲，暗箭难防。(38)All his geese are swans.他总是言过其实。(39)A nice enough young fellow,you understand,nothing upstairs.这是个外表挺不错的小伙子，就是不长脑袋。
